
Glass E^n^ 
Book_ 



9 



OUTLINES AND REFERENCES 



FOR 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



BY Gf O'KVIRTUE 

'*\ A -I 



STATE NoRMAi. School, Winona, Minn. 



1901 

Jones & Kkoeger, Printers and Binders 

winona. minn. 



\^ « \ INTRODUCTION. 



DIVISIONS OF THE SUBJECT. 

Section One. The Continent and the Native Races. 

Section Two. Discovery and Exploration, 1000-1607. 

Section Three. Colonization, 1607-1700. 

Section Four. The Colonies from 1700 to 1750. 

Section Five. The Struggle for the Control of the Conti- 
nent. 

Section Six. The Revolutionary Period 1760-1789. 
Section Seven. National Growth under the Constitution. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES. 

A. Andrews, History of the United States. (4 Vols.) 

A. H. L. American History Leaflets. 

B. & G. Bryant and Gay, Popular Histor3^ of the United States. 

B. Burgess, The Middle Period. 

C. Channing, Students' History of the United States. 
Ca. Caldwell, American History Studies. 

F. Fisher, Colonial Era. 

H. Hart, Formation of the Union, 

Hn. Higginson. Larger History of the United States. 

M. McLaughlin, History of the American Nation. 

McD. MacDonald, Select Charters (1606-1775) or Select Documents 

as the case may be. ,. 

S. Schouler, History of the United States. 
T. Thwaites, The Colonies. 
Tho. Thomas, History of the United States. 
W. Wilson, Division and Reunion. 
Wa. Walker, Making of the Nation. 



SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 
WRITTEN REPORTS. 



Reading: — Read widely. Do not be content with consult- 
ing one authorit}'. Read general accounts first and follo^v 
with special treatises. 

Note-taking — Take notes freeh*. Make them brief or full, 
according as the books will be accessible or not when you 
come to write. Use a separate sheet for each sub-topic. 
Take the references for each note. If the words of an author 
are used, put them in quotation marks. 

The Report — Digest your material thoroughly before at- 
tempting to write. Classify A'our notes and from them make 
an outline. Divide your subject into its two, three, or more 
main divisions. Develop each part logically and relate it to 
the whole. Keep 3'our subject always in view. Avoid ab- 
rupt transitions from one phase of the subject to another. 

Reports wnll vary in length according to the subject and 
the style of the writer. Be as brief as a clear treatment of 
the topic will permit. Observe the ordinary rules of compo- 
sition. Have an introduction followed bj- the body of the 
essaj", and this b^^ an ending containing a summary or the 
conclusions reached. Be careful in your choice of words. 
Make a rational use of the paragraph. 

Give references for all quotations and for material state- 
ments. Avoid mere copying or paraphrasing. Each report 
should be accompanied by a bibliography and where a sub- 
ject is of an argumentative character, by an outline of the 
argument. 



SECTION ONE. 



THE CONTINENT AND ITS PEOPLE. 

I. Physical Features of North America. 

1 Land configuration : coasts, mountain systems, river systems, lakes. 

Atlitude of various regions; bearing on habitableness. 

2 Tempature: Trace the isotherms of 40, 50, 60 and 70 degrees for 

the year;' 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 degrees for Februrary; 50, 60, 70, 80 
degrees for July and compare their latitudes with those touched 
in Europe. 

3 Rainfall: Distribution in North America. Requirements for vari- 

ous products. 

4 Adaptability of the continent (1) for various products: The grain 

belt; the cotton belt; forest and mineral products and their dis- 
tribution. (2) For human life. 

T. 2-7; C. I-IS; F. 1-4; Johnson's Cyclopedia, 8: 35-t-7; Shaler Our Con- 
tinent. 1-17, 166-232; Shaler in Winsor's America. IV. pp I— XXX, esp. 
XX-XXX; Hinsdale, How to Study and Teacb History 192-203. 

Does this topic belong to Geography or History? What are natural 
boundaries? Designate those on this continent. Does the contour of 
a continent affect its division politically? Does the relief map indicate 
that Europe should have many or few political divisions? North Amer- 
ica? Does the area occupied by the United States seem naturally the 
home of one people? Does Porto Rico seem "naturally" to belong to 
it? Cuba? Alaska? The Isthmus of Panama? Make a note, as you 
proceed with your study, of each geographical fact of importance in 
determining the course of our history. 



II. The Native Races. 

1 Their origin an unsolved mystery; the indigenous theory; the "lost 

Atlantis" theory; the Asiatic theory the most probable explana- 
tion. Proofs of migration hither at very remote time. 

2 Numbers and distribution. Group characteristics. 

3 Their civilization. Grades of culture, Savagery, Barbarism, Civili- 

zation and their divisions. Exaggerated views of culture of na- 
tive races esp. in the South. Present view that tribes varied 
from lower savagery to upper barbarism. The "Mound-build- 
ers": Their monuments; period of activity; identified with red 
Indians. (Fiske. Discovery I 144-6). The same true of the 
"Cliff-dwellers." Reasons for slow progress of Indians: Open 
nature of the country; lack of domestic animals; lack of cul- 
tivable foods; non-progressive character of the people. 

4 Relations with Europeans. 

T. 13-16. A. I, 21-33. Fiske, Discovery of America I Ch. I; Powell in Forum 
8: 489-503. Hn. 1-26. F. 5-11; Griffis, Romance of Dicsovery 20-27. 
H. H. Bancroft in Morris' Half-Hours; Shaler, Our Continent 153-165. 



SECTION TWO. 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

I. Pre-Columbian Discoveries, 

1 Vague traditions of Basque, Welsh, and Irish, discoveries. 

2 Well founded traditions of the Norse. 

a Norse migration to Iceland 872-874. 

b Greenland discovered 876, colonized by Eric the Red 983-986. 

c The mainland discovered by Bjorni 986. Leif seeks and finds 
the new land A. D. 1000 and names it Vinland. 

d Later visits occasional but not regular. Claims of occupation 
not well founded. The "Dighton Rock" and the "Stone 
Tower" no longer considered good evidence. (Fiske Dis- 
covery I, 211-219). 

e The Sagas. Their character and reliability as historical evi- 
dence. (Fiske I, 193-213). 

f Inconsequence of Norse activity and the reasons. Fiske I, 
255-60. 

T. 21-3; B. & G. I 35-63; Fiske, Discovery I Ch. 2. esp. l-t5-191 and 253-60; 
Hn. 27-51; Explorers, 3-15 esp. 6-9; A. I, 39-4.0; Griffis; Romance of 
Discovery 35-44; O. S. L. No. 31; Hart's Contemporaries I, 28-34. 



II. Discoveries of the 15th Century. 

1 European conditions in the loth century in respect to: Intellectual 

activity; political stability; geographical knowledge; means 
of communication; means of navigation. 

Fiske, Discovery I, 255-60. Hn. 31-4. Dnruy's Middle Ages 517-534,. Swin- 
ton's Outlines of the World's History 272-2S4; Schwill's Modern Europe 
1-24. 

2 Commercial conditions the immediate impetus. 

a Ancient routes of commerce with the Orient. 

b Commerce checked by the Saracens 8th to 10th centuries inclu- 
sive. Northern route undisturbed. 

c Revival, 12th to 14th centuries, chiefly thru the crusades. Rise 
of Italian and German cities. 

d Trade checked by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks 1365- 
1453. Decline of Venice and Genoa; need of a new route. 

T. 23; Griffis', Discovery 55-64; Fiske, Discovery I, 269-77, 291-4; Myers' 
Mediaeval and Modern History 240-44, 250-8; Collier, Great Extents of 
History 174-9. Adams, Civilization in the Middle Ages 279-90. On the 
results of development of new trade routes see ib. 290-309, and Duruy's 
Modern Times o7-74. 

3 The search for the Indies. 

a The Portuguese search to the Eastward. Rediscovery of the 
Madeiras (1418); Azores 1447; discovery of Cape Verde 
(1445). C. Verde Islands (1460); constant advances along 
the coast till the route to the Indies was assured by the round- 
ing of Good Hope 1486 by Diaz. Indies reached by Da Gama 
1498. 

T. 24-5; Griffis Discovery 65-78; Fiske, I, 295-334; Duruy's Modern Times 
118-121. 

b The Spanish (Columbus) take the western route. 

1 Columbus' knowledge of geography as to sphericity and size 

of the earth, an eastern sea, etc. 

2 The work and character of Columbus. 

3 The importance of his work immediately known. 

4 Long continued search for a passage thru the new continent. 

5 The naming of the continent. 

T. 24-28; C. 24-28; A. I, 37-61; Hn. 52-68; Hn. Explorers 13-38, for 
Columbus' account; Fiske, Discovery, I, 295-446, a full and interesting 
narrative. Collier, Great Brents o/'H'/storj' 186-190; Lord, Beacon Lights 
III, 95-108. Read Lowell's •'Columbus". 



III. Activity in America 1492-1607. 

1 The Spanish in the West Indies; on the gulf coast; on the Pacific 

coast; in the interior; in South America; in the East; Magellan 
and the Philippines. Error in not occupying the Mississippi 
valley. Decline of Spanish activity after 1570 and especially 
after 1588. Beginning of English and French power in America. 
Weak hold on North America at close of the Kith century. 

2 The Portuguese. The Pope's bull of partition. The treaty of 

Tordesillas (1494). Portuguese activity in the East Indies. Cab- 
ral secures Brazil (1500) while on the way to the East. Portu- 
guese power in America never strong but continued to 1889. Loss 
of the East india possessions to the Dutch 1588-1607. 

T. 23-32; C. 35-43, 51-3; A. 62-93; F. 14-20; B. & G. I, 139-173; Fiske, I. 
447-459; ib, II, 93-105; 554-5G9; Hn. 64-74; Hinsdale History 204-8; 
Johnson's Cyclopedia 8 : 192; Parkman, Pioneers of France 9-19; Duruy's 
Mod. Times 118-134. 

3 The French. Explorations along the Atlantic coast; on the St. 

Lawrence. Early efforts to colonize; on the St. Lawrence; in 
"Carolina" (1562); on the St. Johns (1564) destroyed by Mel- 
endez (1565) ; in Canada (1589-1608). 

T. 32-36; Hn. 108-122; A. 93-99; F. 20-3; B. & G. I, 189-223; Parkman, 
Pioneers of France 20-275, for the best account of the French; C. 43-47; 
Griffis, Discovery 134-45. 

4 The English. The Cabots and the northwest passage, (1497-8). 

Long period of inactivity; rise of the English buccaneers, — Haw- 
kins, Drake etc. 1562-79; English ships important on the Atlan- 
tic, after 1588 supreme. Early attempts at settlement, (Gilbert 
and Raleigh), end in failure. 

T. 36-43. Hn. 75-107; C. 47-53; A. 99-113; F. 23-9; Hart's Contemporar- 
ies, I, 75-88, for Hawkins and Drake; Cooke, Virginia, 1-S. 

5 Experience of the 16th century: Chiefly a century of exploration. 

Spanish conquer portions of the continent; French and English 
settlements failures. Why? Claims to America vague. Little 
known of the continent. Experience valuable for real work of 
the 17th century. 

6 Effect of the Discoveries on Europe. 

T. 42-4; Duruy, Mod. Times, 134-7. 



SECTION THREE. 

COLONIZATION. 
I. A Survey- of the Situation. 

1 European Conditions favorable to Colonization. 

a Unsettled social and economic conditions (esp. in England) 
growing out of the downfall of feudalism and changes in in- 
dustry: The rise of manufactures; of commerce. The poor law 
of Elizabeth a sign of the times. 

b Religious zeal for Christianizing Indians. 

c Political purpose of enlarging national power: Rivalry between 
England, Spain, France. 

d The bold adventurous spirit of Europe best seen in England. 

The adventures of the IGth century. 
e Religious unrest, especially in England and France. 

2 American Conditions. 

a Splendid field for adventure. 

b Opportunities for fortune making, supposed and real. 

(Eggleston, Beginners, 12-20; Fiske, Virginia, I, 54-9). 

c Opportunities for home making. 

3 ISIotives for Colonization always mixed. Seek in the case of each 

colony the predominating motives. 

T. -t5-6, 65-6; F. 30-32. M. 28-34; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 73-95 
relates directly to Virginia. Hart's Contemporaries, 152-7; Fiske, Old Vir- 
ginia and her Xeigbbors, I, 41-9 

A. THE SOUTHERN GROUP. 
I. Virginia. 

I The charter of 160G. The two companies; Their commercial char- 
acter; the grant of land; general powers of the company. The 
government: The general council, the resident council, the king's 
reservations. Relations of the settlers to the company. Note 
the grant of land "as of our manor of East Greenwich." 

T. 66-9; C. 60-61; F, 32-4. The Charter in Preston's Documents, 1-13; 
Brown's Genesis of a Nation I, 52-63, and Mc D. Charters 1-11. 



2 Virginia under Company rule 1607-24. 

a The James River settlements. The expedition. Settlers, their 
errors as to site of town; occupation; distress in the colony; 
complaints made bv the company 1607-9. Services of John 
Smith. 

b Reorganization of the company 1609, 1612: extension of the 
grant; increase of Lhe companj^'s power; decline of the king's 
power, of the Resident Council. Dale's "iron rule": his re- 
forms. 

c The growth of new settlements; the beginning of popular gov- 
ernment (Hart's Contemporaries, I, 218-25) Beginning of 
slavery. Indented servants. 

d The overthrow of the company. Indian outbreak 1622. Fac- 
tions in the company at home; the king antagonized; the 
charter annulled 1624. The value and limitations of com- 
pany rule. (Fiske 238-40). 
T. 69-75; F. 35-48; M. 37-48; B. & G. 296-307; Griffis, Colonization, 25-50; 
Eggleston, Beginners, 25-59; C, 61-67; Consult Fiske, Virginia and Atl. 
Monthly, 76: 74S; ib. 77: 313-325. 

3 Royal rule from 1624 to 1652. 

a The Government: Governors appointed by the king; character 
of the governors sent; representative assembly continued, its 
power asserted in removing Harvey; its earlier claim of ex- 
clusive right of imposing taxes (1623) now reasserted 1632 
and 1642 (Doyle I, 218). Judicial power in the governor and 
council, and County courts whose judges were appointed by 
the governor. 

b Growth of population esp. after 1640; the royalist migration 
and its significance; appearance of religious controversy; 
exclusion of the Puritans; of the Papists; relations with 
Maryland after 1634, 

c Material development: The stage of experimentation past; en- 
ergy devoted mainly to tobacco culture; social and economic 
effects of this industry. Parliamentary commission 1652. 
T. 75-6; Lodge, Co/onies, 12-16; C. 67-90: Doyle, Colonies, I, ch. VII. Cooke, 
Virginia, 188-191; Doyle, United States, 49-52. 

4 The Commonwealth Period 1652-60. 

a Reluctant acknowledgment of Parliament 1652. 

b Growth of self-government; Governor and council chosen by 
the assembly; broad basis of the suffrage as before, tho an at- 
tempt is made 1655 to restrict it. Conflict with Maryland. 
Rapid growth of population. 

c Beginning of a definite colonial policy. The navigation act 
of 1651. 

d Colonial politics determined by English politics. Puritan rule 
in Virginia; the recall of Berkeley 1660. 

T. 76-S; C. 69; Doyle, Colonies. I Ch. VIII. esp. 221-9; Fiske, Virginia, II, 
12-20; Cooke, Virginia. 191-216; Lodge, Colonies. 16-18. Harts', Con- 
temporaries, 1, 235-6, for terms of "surrender" in 1652; Doyle, United 
States, 52-4.. 



5 Virginia from the Restoration to the end of the century. 

a The tendency toward oligarchical rule: Importance of the roy- 
alist party; influence of the system of agriculture; the increase 
in the size of land grants; the law of primogeniture. Au- 
thority in government is centralized : Governor and council 
again appointed by the crown; assembly elections are held 
less frequently. (Doyle I, 237). The suffrage restricted 
(U)70) to "freeholders and housekeepers" who are assumed 
to have "interest enough to tye them to the endeavour of the 
publiquegood"; the vestries become close corporations; sim- 
ilar control of county affairs by the county court. 

T. 78-81; C. 120-2; P. 49; B. & G. II, 290-318; M. 49-54; Lodge, Colonies, 
18-26; Fiske, Virginia, II, 23-4 and 34-44; Cooke, Virginia, 216-30. 

b The Bacon Rebellion : Popular discontent under aristocratic 
rule; dissatisfaction with the navigation acts; with the Arling- 
ton-Culpepper grant ( 1G73). Corrupt and inefficient govern- 
ment under Berkeley; collusion with the Indians charged: An 
Indian war precipitated; Bacon takes command of forces; 
collision with Berkeley; harsh treatment of the "rebels"; 
failure of the revolt. 

c Virginia at the end of the century. 

T. 78-81; C. 120-22; F. 49-61; A. 277-84; Fiske, Virginia, II, 45-108; Doyle, 
United States, 54-60; Bggleston in Century Mag. 18: 418-35; Read Berke- 
ley's report of 1671 for conditions of that time, Hart's Contemporaries, I, 
237-41. 

II. Other Colonies. 

1 Maryland. 

a Calvert and his early interest in colonization; his attempt to 
found Avalon in New Foundland; his advent in Virginia 
1629; return to England. 

b Grant of territory. The religious character of the migration 
which followed; the powers given "almost royal"; reserva- 
tion of taxing power to the people thru representatives. 

c Religious and political liberality of the government; tolera- 
tion practiced; the "Toleration Act" of l(j49; Puritans made 
welcome; Puritan illiberality. Rise of representative gov- 
ernment after 1638; healthful differences between the assem- 
bly and the proprietor; changes wrought by political changes 
in England. Turmoil during the Commonwealth; insurrection 
of the "associators" 16S8-9; proprietary rights withdrawn 
1691; their restoration 1715. 

d Relations with neighbors; cordial dealings with the Indians; 
conflict with the Virginians; the Clayborne episode. 

e Growth of the colony — in numbers; wealth, 

T. 81-87; C. 70-73; Tho. 24-27; Eggleston. Beginners, 220-57; Fiske, Vir- 
ginia, I, 255-85. 

2 The Carolinas. 

T. 87-95; Tho. 30-2; F. 76-81. 

3 Georgia. 

T. 258-63; Tho. 33-4; F. 303-12. 



III. Social and Economic Conditions in the South, 1700. 

Follow Thwaites, 9()-lll; Hn. 192-213. 

B. THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

I. Preliminary Considerations. 

1 The North Virginia or Plymouth Company and its grant; failure 

of its early efforts — the Popham Colony 1607-8; voyages of ex- 
ploration 1614-20; reorganization of the company — the charter 
of 1620; sufficient motive still wanting; the religious motive 
now supplied. 

2 Religious conditions in England: Review of religious legislation 

during the reign of Elizabeth; religious groups under the early 
Stuarts; treatment of dissenters. 

T. 113-115: F. 82-9: M. 67-70: B & G. T. 370-4: Doyle, Colonies, II, 1-10; 
Griffis, Romance of Colonization, 94-106: Fiske. N. England, 57-63; Wake- 
man, History Religion in England. 70-79; Eggleston, Beginners, 141-9. 
Consult also the histories of England. 

II. The Colonization of Plymouth. 

1 The founding of the colony. 

a The Scrooby Congregation: Its character; leaders; wanderings. 
b Hardships of the first years at Plymouth. 

2 Industrial development. 

a The original patent; necessity for a new grant. 

b The arrangement with English capitalists; acquisition of ex- 
clusive control by the colon}-. 

c System of common tillage; not desired by the colonists, urged 
by the "partners"; abandonment of the plan. (Doyle, II, 
59-6.3). Cf. Virginia experience. 

d Growth of settlements and towns; of trade. 

3 Political development. 

a The Mayflower compact: Its provisions and significance. 

b Government: Executive and judicial power vested in a Gover- 
nor and seven assistants — chosen by popular vote in primary 
assembly; representative government a slow growth; repre- 
sentative bod)- 1636 to codif}- laws; Deputies, chosen from 
towns, who with the Governor and Assistants chosen by all 
the voters, form the General Court 1638; this body given 
power to make laws 1640; later separation into two cham- 
bers; local affairs administered by town governments. 
Broad suffrage. Religious tolerance. 

4 Relations with neighbors — the Indians; white neighbors to the 

north; position in N. Eng. Confed. 1643 ff. 

5 Distinct political existence till its annexation to Massachusetts in 

1691. 

T. 113-124; C. 73-80; M. 70-75; F, 95-99; B. & G. I. 374-85; Tho. 15-17; 
Fiske, .VewEn^/and, 71-87: Dovle. 11, 30-81: Eggleston, Beg-inners, 159- 
181; Griffis, Colonization. 107-128; Do3'le, United States, 64-9. 

10 



III. Massachusetts Bay. 

1 Early commercial enterprises on the Bay under the charter of 1620: 

Weston, Morton, Wollaston and their settlements; the Dorches- 
ter enterprise — Trials and final settlement under Conant at Sa- 
lem. White's plan of using this beginning. 

2 English conditions of the period. 

a Religious unrest, ( see B. I, 2, above). Reaction against the 
Protestants on the continent: the king's marriage; reaction 
rather than reform in the English church; the relation be- 
tween Calvinism and Self-Government. (Doyle, II, 7). 

b Political unrest: Tudor despotism continued by the Stuarts; 
national spirit of discontent grows; Charles I.'s methods of 
securing funds; Parliament opposes his methods; the quarrel 
over taxes and forced loans; the Petition of Right, 1628; 
breach with the King, 1629. 

c Juncture of these troubles with White's Dorchester plan. 

T. 12-i-5: F. 100-102; Doyle, II. 82-86; Fiske, .V. England, 88-101; Griffis, 
Colonization, 129-133. 

3 The Massachusetts Bay Company formed. 

a The grant of March 29, 1628, by the Plymouth Company. 

b The first migration under Endicott joins Conant's remnant at 
Salem. (Sept. 1628). 

c The royal charter of March 4, 1629: The grant of 1628 confirm- 
ed; creates a "Body corporate and Politicfue in Fact and 
Name"; officers and their powers; their election by the "free- 
men" of the company; business meetings of the company — 
the quarter courts; annual meetings — the General Court or 
Court of Elections; power to make and execute laws, and 
govern English subjects going to N. England. The expect- 
ation that the Company would remain in England; but the 
transfer to America. 

T. 125-7; C, 80-S3; F. 108-112; Doyle. II. 88; Doyle, Ua/ted States, 70-4; 
Hn, 158-165; Text of the charter O. S. L. Xo. 7, and Mc D. Charters, 37- 
■i2: Eggleston, Beginners, 207-212. 

4 The Growth of the Colony to 1643. 

a The great migration. Winthrop and his party 1630; 20,000 ar- 
rive during the next ten years — "the transfer of a people to 
America"; earh- hardship; improved conditions 1634 and 
following; growth of new settlements with a church as the 
center 

b The founding of Harvard College. 

c Dangers to the colony; The charter threatened 1634-5. The 

Indian uprising — the Pequod war. 
s 
T. 127. 129-132, 136-7: B. & (5. I, 517-31; C. 81-2; Griffis. Colonization, 
135-6; Fiske, .V. England. 109-1 14-. 

11 



5 Religious character of the colony. 

a Religious motives for founding it. (See esp. Winthrop's Con- 
clusions— O. S. Iv. No. 50). 

b From "puritan" to "separatist". The establishment of Con- 
gregationalism. 

c Relation of church and state: Conditions making close control 
natural; ways in which a union showed itself; limitation of 
suffrage to church members; "the church" that which was 
recognized by the state; importance of the clergy in state 
affairs; enforcement of church regulations. 

<J Intolerance, not freedom, the prevailing spirit: The Roger 
Williams incident; the Hutchinson controversy; treatment 
of the Quakers; attitude toward Catholics and Episcopalians. 

e Scriptural authority for the laws enacted. 

T. 132-3; A. 140-145; M. 82-8; B. & G. I. 538-47; Fiske, \'etv England, 
114-20; Doyle, II, 121-133; Eggleston's Beginners,275-295; Goldwin 
Smith, United States, 21-5. 

6 Political development. 

a Review the charter provisions for government. 

b Changes made necessary by transfer of the charter and the 
great migration. 

c The struggle for representative government: Winthrop and 
his distrust of democracy; an oligarchy seeks control; gen- 
eral court centers power in the hands of the assistants 1630, 
these to hold office indefinitely 1631. Resistance to the exer- 
cise of this government— the Watertown tax controversy 
(Hart Contemporaries I, No. 107 for Winthrop's account). 
This leads to the election of deputies from each town to ad- 
vise with the governor and assistants on matters of taxation, 
1632, and later, 1634 to permanent provision for representa- 
tives. Separation into two houses 1644. Rejection of other 
aristocratic projects. 

d Codification of laws— "The Body of Liberties" 1641. (McD. 
72-91). 

e Local government: The town the unit; powers defined 1636; 
suffrage in town meetings limited to church members; im- 
portance of local government. Cf. Virginia. 

f Relations with England. 

T. 127-9; Doyle, II. 103-112. C. 8%,-4; M. 80-2; Lodge Colonies, 341-351; 
Fiske, N. Eng. 100-109; G. Smith, United States, 15-21; Doyle, United 
States, 74. 

12 



IV. Other Colonies. 

1 Connecticut. 

a The Dutch on the Connecticut. English explorations there. 

b The migration from Massachusetts and the reasons therefor; 
the "river towns"; dominant influence of Hooker. 

c Danger from the Indians, Dutch, and French. 

d Political organization: First controlled b}' a Massachusetts 
commission; forms of government adopted similar to those 
of Massachusetts tho more liberal; adoption of the "Funda- 
mental Orders" — the first written constitution. (Cf. the May- 
flower compact and the charters ). Town government similar 
to that in Massachusetts. Religious influence shown in the 
position of the clergy and the character of the laws— legend 
of the Blue Laws; but note the spirit of toleration. 

e Position in the Confederation after 1643. 

Tho. 23-4; T. 142-4; C. 90-91; F. 126-131; Dovle.II, 149-60; Fiske, New Eng- 
land, 122-8; Eggleston, Beginners, 316-326; For text of the "Fundamen- 
tal Orders" see Fiske, CiVj7 Government, 329-334; and McD. Charters 
60-5. ' ' 

2 New Haven 1637-1644. 

T. 144-6; Hart's Contemporaries, I, 488 for a sample of the laws of the col- 
ony. 

3 Other colonies founded. 

a Rhode Island 1636-1654. 
b Maine 1622-1658. 
c New Hampshire 1620-1685. 
T. 146-153; C. 86-9; Tho. 22-4: F. 123-5. 

V. New England from 1643-1700. 

1 Separate existence of the colonies and development on the lines 

noted above. 

2 The New England Confederation. 

a Reasons for its formation. 

b Plan of organization adopted: The parties; board of commis- 
sioners and its powers; provisions for apportionment of rep- 
resentatives; expenses and troops. 

c Workings of the confederation: Dominant power of Mass- 
achusetts ; lack of power to enforce decrees ; refusal of Mass- 
achusetts to act in the Indian affair 1642-3. The Connect- 
icut tax episode ; assistance rendered to Harvard college. 
Attitude toward the Dutch; toward the Quakers; the In- 
dians; King Philip's war. 

d The confederation and England. 

e Decline in importance after 1664. Why? Collapse of the 
union 1684. Reasons? 

T. 154-9. 170-2; C. 92-5: M. 90-1; Dovle, II, 228-36; Fiske. Xew Engl. 153- 
163; Hildreth, United States, 1, 285-334, 360-412,448-506; Frothingham, 
Rise of the Republic. 33-71: Text of the articles of agreement, Mcd! 
Charters, 94-101; A. H. L. No. 7; Ca. 29-35. 

13 



4 Religious Movements. 

a The Quaker trouble: Rise of the Quakers; arrival in New 
England; harsh treatment ; reasons therefor. Doctrines and 
pratices. Fiske, 179-82. Decline of persecution after 1660. 
(Read Hawthorne's "The Gentle Boy"). 

b The attempt to silence Gorton — a "pestilent seducer". 

c Presbyterians trv to secure the suffrage ; not extended to them 
till 1()92. 

d The witchcraft delusion (Read Longfellow's Giles Corey. ) 

e Theocratic rule declines by the end of the century. 
T. 165-7; 190-2; consult also, Fiske and Doyle. 

5 Consolidation of control over the colonies. 

a Efforts to control thru commissions, committees and directly 
by Parliament. Collect instances. 

b Revocation of the charters: Early attacks on the charters, 
esp. that of Massachusetts. Chas. XL's attack: Charges 
of unlawful acts against the Colonies; territorial disputes, 
esp. that over Maine ; revocation of Massachusetts charter 
1684; Conn, and R. I. charters recalled 1(586 — 7. 

c Andros and his rule; Colonies consolidated; effect on colonial 
governments; local governments; instructions as to taxes, 
land titles etc. Can 3'ou find any justification for consoli- 
dated control in the conditions of the time? 

T. 173-76; C. 85, 107-110, 122-5; Hn. 216-22; Fiske New Engl. Ch. VI; 
Doyle III, 230-76; Hildreth United States, II. 105-122, 142-44; G. Smith, 
United States, 33-5. See card catalogue for Andros. 

6 Readjustments following the Revolution of 1688. 

a In Massachusetts: temporary provisions; the charter of 1691; 
Annexation of Maine, Plymouth and Acadia; a royal colony 
established. Compare the new government with the old. 

b The settlement in the other colonies. 

T. 175-7; C. 125-S; F. 207-209, 216-220; Doyle, United States. See au- 
thorities cited above. For the charter of 1692 see McD. Charters 205 
—212. 

VI. The New England Colonies in 1700. 

Follow Thwaite's description in Chapter VIII. Read also Gold- 
win Smith's sketch in his United States, 21-39 and Andrews 299-323. 

C. THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
I. New York. 

1 The Dutch period 1()09— 1664. 

a Rise of New Netherland. Position of the Dutch at home; their 
struggle against Spain; activity on the sea; activity in the 
East Indies; frequent visits to the Hudson after 1609; first 
attempts at colonization 1623. The Dutch West India com- 
pany and its work: The Walloon migration 1623; slow 
growth of the colony; the "patroon" system 1629. Later 
modifications 1640. Government and governors; struggle 
for political rights. Relations with neighbors — the Indians; 
the French; the Swedes. 

14 



b The rise of New Sweden on the Delaware; absorption by the 

Dutch Iti.jo. 
c Character of Stuyvesant and his rule. 

T. 195-202: C. 93-9; Tho. 34-36; M. 97-102; Griffis, Colonization 55-Sl 
86-90; Lodge, 285-295; Roberts, New York I. GS-SfS. 

d The conquest of New Netherland: Early contact with the 
English; territorial disputes; hostile attitude toward the 
Dutch 1G51-55; "conquest" of 1604. Reasons for the con- 
quest. 

e Have the Dutch had an important influence on American in- 
stitutions? 

T. 202-3; C. 111-112; Tho. 3-t-7; Hn. 210-11; F. 189; Roberts, New 
York I. S9-114.. 

2 The English in control, 1664. 

a A proprietary province, 1664-1085; grant to the Duke of York 
(McD. 137-9); the "Duke's laws;" some self government in 
local affairs; none in colonial; struggle for representative 
government succeeds 1083-5; the "Charter of Diberties." 

b A royal province 1685; abrogation of the charter 1686. James' 
arbitrary rule; annexation to New England 1688. Was 
there any reason for it? 

c The revolution of 1688; the revolution in New York — the Leis- 
ler episode 1688-91; re-establishment of popular govern- 
ment; character of governors. 

d Foreign relations: With Indians; th^ French; the Congress 
of 1690. Growth of the colony to the end of the century. 

T. 203-7; Lodge, 295-302; Roberts, A'evv York I. 178-231; B. & G. II. 
319-54. 



II. Delaware and the Jerseys. 



T. 207— 214-. See Lodge and in general the authorities cited above for fuller 
treatment. 



III. Pennsylvania. 



Early settlements. 

a The Dutch and Swedes on the west side of the Delaware 
1623-64; English rule 1664-81. 

b The Quaker settlement: George Fox and the P'riends; Penn 
and his early life; connection with N. Jersey. The charter 
of 1681 ; boundaries of the grant; later addition of "the 
counties" on the Delaware; powers and jurisdiction con- 
ferred; potitical and religious liberalit}^ shown. The "Frame 
of Government": Popular government granted as a right. 
Rapid growth of heterogeneous population and reasons 
therefor. 

15 



c Later history: Boundary disputes (1) with Maryland; the 

Mason-Dixon line 1732; (2) disputes with Connecticut; (3) 

the western boundary. Suspension of proprietary rights 

1692-94. Domestic troubles over (1) quit rents; (2) taxation 

of proprietary lands; (3) the control of the "counties," 

which became Delaware 1703 with a separate legislature. 

Fortunate Indian policy. Relations with other colonies. 

T. 215-17; C. 114-119; Tho. 4.1-5; Lodge 211-18; Griffis, Colonization 
183-201. 

IV. Social, Political and Economic conditions in 1700. 

Follow Tliwaite's Chapter X. 

D. CHIEF FEATURES OF COLONIAL HISTORY DURING 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

I. Economic Development. 

1 Growth of population; westward movement; growth of towns; 

easier conditions of life. 

2 Growth of industry; slight development of manufactures; why? 

Growth of commerce; chief lines of trade; little hampered by 
the Navigation Acts. 

II. Political Life. 

1 Development of colonial institutions along lines established in the 

17th century. 

2 Frequent quarrels with ro)'al and proprietary governors. 

3 Disputes over boundaries. 

4 Attacks on the charters. Make a list of such cases from 1660-1760. 

Explain the movement. 

5 Conflict with the French 1689-1748. 

6 Schemes of colonial union 1690-1750. 
T. 265-284; M. 116-128; F. 207-15. 

E. NEW FRANCE. 
I. The establishment of French power. 

1 The early activity of the French, to 1698 (seep. 6); the occupa- 

tion of Canada; Champlain and his work. 

2 Westward movement along the Ottawa and the Great Lakes 1 615-59. 

3 Exploration of the Mississippi 1672-1682: The work of Marquette, 

Joliet, Hennepin and LaSalle. 

4 Occupation of the lower Mississippi 1699. 

5 Occupation of the valley of the Mississippi 1669-1748. 

6 Occupation of the Ohio valley 1748-1754. 

7 Boundaries of the territories thus occupied. 

8 The French grasp of the significance of geographical features. 

T. 32-6; A. 323-35; M. 129-135; B. & G. II. 499-523; Shaler in Winsor's 
America IV. p. XXI; Griffis. Discovery 25S-S2; Hn. 127-36; Parkman, 
Pioneers of France, and his LaSalle: Hinsdale. History 208-211. Old 
North West esp. 29-37. Drake, Making of the Great We'st 67-130. 

16 



II. Political and Social Conditions in New France. 

1 The people: Numbers; distribution; occupations; nature of settle- 

ments; towns; relations with the Indians; religion; power of the 
church; exclusion of protestants; work of the Jesuits. Classes 
of society: The nobility; the habitants; and the courevrs de 
bois; the system of land-holding; a system of "feudalism with its 
teeth drawn." 

T. 249-52; A. 336-8; M. 135-6; Hinsdale History, 219-30; Parkman, 'oid 
Regime. 231-42, 289-315. 

2 The government. 

a General conditions of a "French province." Control from 

Paris. 
b The governor general and his powers. 
c The intendant. 
d The superior council: Primarily a court, civil and criminal. 

Edicts of the King first "registered" on the council's books; 

could establish lower courts, appointed an attorney-general. 
e Lack of popular participation in government; laws came from 

the King as edicts or from his representatives. 
f Corruption of colonial officials; lack of a constant policy in the 

home government. 
g Effects of "paternalism" and "centralization." 
h Comparison of French and English colonies. 

T. 249-257; Parkman, The Old Regime Part II. esp.264-88. 



SECTION FOUR. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR NORTH AMERICA.. 

I. The Spanish Power. 

I Confined to the South and West, after the 16th century. Their 
power to be destroyed during the 19th century. 

n. The Dutch and the Swedes. 

I Weak hold on the continent; absorption of the Swedes by the 
Dutch 1655; of the Dutch by the English 1664; effect of this con- 
quest on English power in America. 

III. Struggle between the French and the English. 

1 Early hostile contact 102S-9; T. 252. 

2 Continued attitude of hostility. 

3 A "half century of conflict" begins 1689; the importance of Wil- 

liam III. 's accession, on European politics; the inter-colonial 
wars and their meaning. 

T. 252-7; A. I. 323-48; C. 131-4; Hinsdale History 219-24; Parkman, 
Half Century of Conflict. 

4 The final struggle. The French and Indian war. 

a Rival claims: The basis for them; activity of both parties af- 
ter 1748. The outbreak of hostilities; strength of the parties 
(1) in Europe; (2) in Asia; (3) in America. 

H. 23-28; Hinsdale, Old N. West; Hinsdale, History, 224-9; Parkman, 
Montcalm and Wolfe, 5-35; 128-161. 

b The Albany Congress: The Indian treaty; temporary co-opera- 
tion secured; permanent union proposed; Franklin's plan 
(to be read carefully). 

H. 28-30; C. 138-9; O. S. L. No. 9; Sloane, French War, 3S-51; A. H. L. No. 
14 p. 10. Hinsdale, Am. Government, 433-7: Preston's Documents 171-87. 
Prothingham, Rise of the Republic, 141-157. 

c Military operations: Campaigns of 1755, 1756, 1757; European 
complications of the Seven Years War; the rise of Pitt; the 
conquest of Canada and the fall of Quebec. 

d Results of the war: In America; transfers of territory; con- 
duct of the colonies during the war; their industrial inter- 
ests; political results. New position of England. Impor- 
tance as a turning point in the world's history. 

e Temporary government of the conquest; the Royal Proclama- 
tion of 1763, (McD. Charters 2&1-11). 

H. 30-41; A. I. 349-70; Tho. 73-9; C. 134-8; Hinsdale, History, 229-30; 
Fiske, Am. Political Ideas., 54-6, 125; Bancroft 3: 78-82; Sloane, French 
War, 75-115; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolf, esp. 379-414; Green, Eng- 
lish People, 715-25. For text of the treaty, McD. Charters, 261-6. 

18 



SECTION FIVE. 

THE PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION 1765-1789. 

A. THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
I. The Colonies at the Close of the War. 

1 The "Americans:" Numbers, nationality, religion; distribution; 

towns; industrial conditions; social and intellectual life. 
H. 2-5; 19-21; C. 139-14.7; M. 151-163; A. I. 299-322. 

2 Colonial institutions. 

a Colonial governments; classification; common features; the 

suffrage. 
b Local governments: Their great importance; forms. 
c American political ideas. 
d Origin of American institutions. 
e Divergent growth of American and English institutions. 

1 Separation of departments.— Growth of ministerial govern- 

ment in England. 

2 Idea of the supremacy of a written constitution.— The su- 

premacy of Parliament in England. 

3 Laws subject to annulment.— Position of the laws in England. 

4 Different views as to representation. 

H. 2-15, lS-19; C. 162-6; A. I. 296-8; M. 163-7; Lecky, Am. Rev. 1-3S; Eng- 
land 111. 290-317; Lodge, Colonies, Chapters, 2, -t, 12, 17 and 22;Fiske 
Am. Rev. I. 38-45. 

3 Relation of the Colonies to England. 

a Sovereignty of England recognized by founders of all colonies. 

b Source of charter and proprietary rights. 

c Varying degree of control by England in republican, proprie- 
tary and royal colonies. Illustrate. 

d Laws repugnant to those of England forbidden. 

e The King's power to annul colonial laws. 

f Royal orders frequently made even in republican colonies. 
(Thwaites, 166-9.) 

g Revocation of old and grant of new, charters (Thwaites 174-7). 

h Quarrels between the colonists and the King's officers. 
Thwaites Ch. 14. - 

i Parliamentary acts affecting the colonies. 

1 The Bubble Act, 1720-4. (T. 279.) 

2 The naturalization law. 1740, 1747, 1763. 

3 Implications of the right of Parliament to legislate for the 

Colonies and the denial thereof. (See Niles, Principles and 
Acts of the Revolution. 79-94.) 

4 The Navigation Acts and the Acts of Trade. (To be consid- 

ered in a later section.) 

19 



4 England's reasons for wishing closer and more definite relations 
found in: 
a The growing importance of the Colonies. 
b The increasing financial burden of the Empire. 
c The character of the new King. 

The attempt to change from a polic3' of "beneficent neglect" to 
one of closer control led to a revolt of the colonies. 

H. 9, 16-17; T. 278-9; Lecky, Am. Rev. 38-42; England, 290-324; Fiske, 
Am. Rev. I. 1-15; Hildreth, United States, II. 514-518: Doyle, United 
States, 217-24. 

II New Schemes of Control by England. 

1 Permanent military establishment to be effected. 

a Was there need of it? Who should judge of the necessity? 

2 Rigorous enforcement of her commercial policy. 

I. THE NAVIGATION ACTS. * 

a History, purpose, and provisions of these Acts; prior to 1651; 

the Acts of 1660, 1663, 1672; the Sugar Act. 
b Anticipated effects of these laws. 
c Actual effects. How far injurious to the colonists? How far 

beneficial? 

T. 104-6 and /ndex," C. 153-5; Lalor, Cyclopedia 11. 964-72;' Scott, Con- 
stitutional Liberty, 185-205, 314-18; Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations 
(Globe Ed.) 437-508 esp. 452-65; Lecky, Am. Tier. 42-8, and England, 
324-30; Beers, Commercial Policy. 

d Execution of the Acts a,fter 1760; the "writs of assistance;" 
their nature and the power they gave; grounds of Otis' con- 
tention against their legality; findings of the court; how far 
made use of, importance of the controversy. 

H. 46-8; C. 155-8; Hart's Contemporaries II. 523-5; Bancroft III. 273-8; 
Tj-ler, Lit. Hist. Rev. 1. 30-6; McD. Charters, 258-61. 

II. ACTS RELATING TO COLONIAL INDUSTRIES. 

a Nature and extent of manufactures, 1750. 

b English policy toward woolen, hat, and iron manufactures. 

c Reasons for a restrictive policy. Who asked for it? 

d Encouragements to colonial industries. Bounties, drawbacks, 

etc. 
e Estimate of the effects of the industrial policy. 

Beers has the best treatment. See also Thwaites, Lodge, Bancroft, Hil- 
dreth and Sloane for Colonial industries. Bullock's Economics, 1-52. 

3 The taxation of the Colonies. 

I. THE STAMP ACT, 1763-1766. 

a Reasons for now using the taxing power; earlier proposals to 

tax America. 
b History of the Act: Introduction; colonial remonstrance; 

passage. 
c Provisions of the act. 

20 



d Attempted execution: Colonial opposition by (1) riots; (2) 
non-importation agreements; (3) public protest through 
Legislatures and the Stamp Act Congress: The Declaration 
of Rights and Grievances. Resignation of the collectors. 

e Repeal and the Dependency Act, 1766, (McD. 316). 

H. 49-53; C. 160-171; Frothingham's Republic 170-181; Tyler's Henry, 
57-68; C, 51-53, 63-5; Hosmer's Samuel Adams i6-91; Hosmer's Hutchin- 
son, 63-116; McD. Charters 281-315; Preston's Documents 188-91. 

II. THE TOWNSHEND ACTS OF 1767. 

a The revenue act: Provisions; amount of revenue expected; in- 
tended use of the proceeds and objections thereto; success as 
a revenue measure. 

b New administrative acts. 

c The Parliamentary suspension of the N. York assembly. 

d Colonial opposition and English measures to check it, but 

e Partial repeal of the revenue act 1770. 
H. 53-56; C. 171-9; McD. Charters 317-330. 

III. THE RIGHT OF PARLIAMENT TO LAY TAXES. 

a Statement of the Colonial position. 

b Agreement upon the principle of representation but not upon 
its application: American view of representation; the Par- 
liamentary view and conditions supporting it; the doctrine 
of "virtual representation": Soundness of American oppo- 
sition to it; the impending "reform" in England explains the 
powerful support given the colonies. 

c The dispute over the legislative supremacy of Parliament; ex- 
planation of different views found in the experience of the 
two parties; weakness of the American position. 

d Practical solutions offered; none adopted. Wh^'? 

e Coincidence of the American, with the English, constitutional 
struggle. 

C. 1G2-8; Lecky, Am. Rev. 62-66; Leckj^ England; the resolutions of var- 
ious Congresses and Legislatures, in Caldwell, Am. Hist. Studies, No. 4; 
Lord Mansfield's Speech in British Orations I. 151-170 and C. 62-3; Hos- 
mer's ffutc/i/nson, 74-81, 108-113 esp. 109-110, 363-70, 396-411; Burke's 
speeches on "Taxation" and "Conciliation," Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. I. esp. 
60-111; MacY Bug. Constitution 375-81; C. K. Adams in Atl. Mo. 
August, 1898^ Niles, Principles and Acts 79-87; Sloane, 142-151. 

III. Agitation, Resistance and Retaliation. 

I The spirit of revolt in the Colonies. 

a Review of events to 1770; outlook for a friendly settlement at 
this time. 

b Irritation over the presence of troops. The "Boston Massacre" 
March 5, 1770. 

c The "Gaspee" affair. 

d Effect of the "Hutchinson letters." 

e Trouble over the tea duty. "The Boston Tea Party;" other 
acts of violence. A "choice between abdication and repres- 
sion." thus left to England. 

H. 56-8; C. 173-183; Lodge, Colonics. 481-7; Fiske War of Independence, 
72-83; Am. Rev. I. 46-92; O. S. L. No. 13. Griffis Colonization, 271-4: 
Lecky, Am. i?ev. 123-54. 

21 



2 The Coercive Acts of 1774: Examine each act as to (a) its provis- 

ions; (b) the occasion for it; (c) the objections to it. 

H. 59-60; C. 183-4; Lodge, Colonies 487-90; Frothingham, Republic 
344; Lecky, Am. Rev. 164-74; F. Am. Rev., 93-8, 102-110. The acts 
are found in McD. 337-356. 

3 The first Continental Congress, 1774. 

a Preparation for a Congress: S. Adams and his "Committees of 
Correspondence;" an inter-colonial system established, 1773, 
(McD. 336). 

b The election of delegates; attempts to prevent it; the charac- 
ter and temper of the members. 

c Its work: The Declaration of Rights; the "Association." 

d Status and significance of the Congress. 

H. 60-3; C. 184-6; M. 185-8; Lodge Colonies, 490-1; Lecky, Am. Rev. 
179-85; Fiske ^m. J?ev. I. 108-112; Curtis. HAsfory of the Constitution 
I. 8-25; the "Declaration," McU. Charters, 356-61; Preston's Docu- 
ments, 192-8; Ca. 65-6; Hindale, Am. Govt. 441. The "Associa- 
tion," McD. 362-7; Hinsdale, 445-9; Preston, 199-205. 



4 The conflict precipitated. 

a England's attitude toward Colonial action; the election 1774. 

b Disturbed civil conditions; overthrow ol the Colonial govern- 
ments. 

c Military preparations. Lexington. 

H. 63-4; C. 186-8; Fiske 100-123. 

B. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

I. Government During the Period. 

> I Formation of a central government. 

a The Second Continental Congress: Need of a common center 
of consultation;. Congress soon assumes national powers; or- 
ganization of Congress for executive work. Status of the 
government; method of choosing members; basis of authori- 
ty. 

b Movement for a permanent union, 1775-81. 
2 Changes in Colonial governments. 

a Revolt within the Colonies; formation of provisional govern 
ments; the movement tor new frames of government. Was 
the consent of Congress necessary? Legal status of the 
States. (Lalor III. 789-90). 

b The new state Constitutions; methods of forming and adopt- 
ing; significance of the movement. 

H. 73-77, 80-2; C. 198-201; B. & G. III. 488-9; Sloane, Frenci Tl^ar, 187-8. 
206-9; Johnston, Connecticut, 285-305; Roberts, New York, II. 392-8, 
434-6; Browne, Maryland, 258-75; Curtis, Constitution I. 25-41, and 
passim, ch. III. and IV. 

22 



II. The Movement for Independence. 

1 The original purpose not separation; indications of this in official 

documents and utterances of public men; but English fears of 
separation, (Lecky, Am. Rev. 184-91). 

2 Growth of the idea of separation: A small but aggressive party 

early for independence— S. Adams; Henry's speech, 1774; ef- 
fect of England's attitude toward the action of the first 
Congress— Lord North's conciliatory resolution adopted; 
Burke's resolutions rejected; the act to restrain the commerce 
of New England, March 3, 1775; the Mecklenburg Resolu- 
tions; Congress makes its last appeal to the King, July 8, 
the "olive branch" petition (McD. Charters, 381-5); its rejec- 
tion by the King— the proclamation of rebellion August 23 
(McD. 389-91); by Parliament— the "act to prohibit all trade 
with the Colonies" Dec. 22, 1775, (McD. 391-6); Congress ad- 
vises the States to form constitutions; military operations 
of the year widen the breach; conditions at the end of 1775. 
Movement in 1776; constant agitation in Congress; pam- 
phleteers at work-Paine's Common Sense; effect of employing 
the "Hessians;" Colonial legislatures act— the Virginia in- 
structions; Lee's resolutions for independence, June 7, de- 
bated but action postponed; why? Committee appointed 
to draft a declaration; report made June 28; debate on Lee's 
resolutions July 1-2: on the "Declaration" July 2-4: Dickin- 
son's speech— Cf. Adams' "supposed speech;" the vote; pro- 
mulgation of the declaration. 

3 Examination of the Declaration. 

a Political theories contained in the document. 

b The historical grounds for the charges against the King. 

c The literary merit of the paper. 

4 Effect of declaration on the war; on political thought. 

H. V5-80; C. 203-6; M. 194-7; B. & G. III. 4.70-87; Frothingham, Re- 
public, 456-560; Hn. 265-82; Lecky /In?. i?ev. 185-91, 242-6 305-.310- 
Hildreth, United States, III. 131-7: Fiske Am. Rev. 172-197; Lodge Story 
of the Revolution. Ch. 7, ; John Adams, Works, II. 512-14; Sloane, 
Breach War and the Revolution. Tyler. Lit. Hist. Rev. I. 494-591 II 
35-49; Ao. Am. i^er. 163: 1-16; For Dickinson's speech in opposition to 
the Declaration: Niles, Principles and Acts of the Rev. 400-402 and Tv- 
ler, II. 21-34. 

III. Military Operations. 

1 The strength of the combatants: Numbers; financial resources; 

military and naval forces, geographical position; animat- 
ing spirit and unity on each side. 

2 Operations about Boston and the attack on Canada. 

3 The occupation of New York by the British. 

4 The contest over the Hudson— The Burgoyne campaign. 

5 Transfer of war to the South— The capture of Yorktown Oct. 19, 

1781; movement for peace, 1782-3. 

H.70-3, 83-5 87-9; C. 206-222; B. & G. III.; Tho. 98-130; Fiske, Am. 
Rev. and The War for Independence. 

23 



IV. The Finances of the Revolution. 

1 The industrial resources of the country; position of the revolution- 

ary government; lack of taxing power; lack of credit; reluc- 
tance of the States to supply funds. 

2 Sources of revenue. 

3 Cost of the war. Portion borne by the States; by Congress. The 

debt at the close of the war. 

H. 89-92; C. 223-4; Bancroft, United States VI, 166-70, 334-5. 464; Hil- 
dreth, III. 445-8; Leckv, Am. Rev. 287-94, 421-4, 443-9. Sumner, Ameri- 
can Currency 4^3-9; Sloane, 283-6, 373-6. 

V. Internal Dissensions. 

1 The inefficiency of Congress. 

2 Divisions among the Americans. The Loyalists; their number; 

distribution, importance; their treatment by the revolution- 
ists; their service to the British; migration during and after 
the war; England's dealings with them. 

3 Dissensions in the States: The spirit of lawlessness; State jealous- 

ies with respect to one another; with respect to Congress. 

H. 92-93; C. 224-5; Lecky, Am. Rev. (Index); Tyler, Lit. Hist. Rev. 
I. 293-315; Am. Hist. Rev. I, 24-45; C. K. Adams, Atl. Mo. Aug. 1898. 
Card catalog, "Loyalists." 

VI. Foreign Relations. 

1 With friendly powers. 

a Appointment of a "Committee of correspondence, Nov. 1775;" 

American agents sent abroad; their w^ork esp. in France. 
b The French alliance; aid from other countries. 

2 With England. 

a North's overtures 1778; offers of the Commissioners rejected; 

instructions of 1779 to our agents; their modification 1781. 
b Negotiations for peace 1781-3; fall of North's ministry after 

Yorktown; French and Spanish complications; break with 

Vergennes over boundaries and fisheries. 
c The treaty of 1783: Provisions; estimate of the treaty as a 

piece of diplomacy. 

H. 75-6, 85-7, 95-8; C. 211-13, 225-31; Ca. 195-201; Fiske Critical 
Period. 1-49; Lecky, .4 m. i?er. 459-85. Consult also the Lives of the 
Negotiators. For text of the treaty see Treaties and Conventions, 375- 
9; McD. Documents 15-21; Preston, "Documents, 232-9. 

VII. Effects of the Revolution. 

1 Independence of the Colonies; severance from Canada. 

2 The growth of Republican' institutions. 

3 On political thought in Europe; in America. 

4 On English politics. 

a Influence on P^nglish constitutional questions. 

b Was England's colonial policy modified b3' her loss? 

c EHect on English prestige. 

5 On the growth of religious toleration. 

H 99-101; G. Smith, United States 113-116. 

24 



C. THE FORMATION OF A FEDERAL UNION. 
I. Pre-Revolutionary Conditions and Tendencies. 

1 Political and industrial isolation of the several colonies. How far 

due to England's commercial policy? 

2 The New England Confederation 1643-84. 

3 Consolidation of the colonies under Andros 1686-8. 

4 Penn's plan of Union, 1690. 

5 The Albany Congress, 1754, and Franklin's plan of Union. 

II. The Revolutionary Movement. 

1 The Stamp Act Congress, 1765. 

2 The First Continental Congress, 1774. 

(See above A. Ill, 3.) ' 

3 The Second Continental Congress, 1775-81. 

(See above B. I. and A. H. L. No. l-i.) 

III. The Articles of Confederation. 

1 Their history; Franklin's draft of July, 1775; the "grand commit- 

tee" and its report, July, 1776; discussion in Congress; diffi- 
culties to settle; ratification 1781. 

2 Their chief provisions. 

a (jovernment a Congress of one House; its composition, elec- 
tion, method of voting, etc. Art. V. Courts to be estab- 
lished by Congress, Art. IX. Executive power in Congress 
or a Committee of the States." Organization of Congress for 
administrative work. 

b Certain national powers given Congress, IX; foreign powers 
limited by commercial reservations made to the States; re- 
tention of "sovereignty" to the States, II, III; prohibi- 
tions on the States, VI. "Congress, originally the organ of 
a war league, and invested only with war and diplomatic 
powers, was politically a shadow." 

c Apportionment of expenses, VIII, and representatives, V. 

d Deficiencies as a working frame of government. 

H. 93-5, 104.-5; C. 236-4-0; A. II, ; M. 216-17; A. H. L. No. 20. 

3 Workings of the government. 

a Conditions unpropitious: Disturbed business conditions; loss 
oftrade, esp. British; large importations — loss of specie; 
demoralizing effects of the war. Natural reaction against 
union. Specific problems; disbandment of the army; bur- 
den of debt; newness of the undertaking. 
H. 103-6; C. 236; Wa. 1-13; Schouler, United States, I, 16-22. 

b Territorial settlement with the states. 
1 Claims to western lands; cession a consideration to ratifv- 
ing the Articles; difficulties over the cession 1781-1802. 

25 



2 Government of the ceded territorj': The Ordinance for 

the Northwest Territory; History, 1784-7; provi- 
sions as to temporary and permanent government, future 
statehood, religious freedom, education, slavery etc; es- 
timate of importance; legality of the Ordinance. 

3 Westward movement of population. 

H. 107-9; C. 24.1-9; M. 221-4; Wa. 39-4-0; Fiske, Critical Period, 187-207; 
Text of Ordinance, O. S. L. No. 13; McD. Documents, 21-8, Preston, 
Documents, 240-50. 

c The finances. 

1 The war debt. Art. XII; current expenses and interest; 

means of meeting them, Art. VIII, IX, S\ 7. The use made 
of the borrowing power. 

2 Failure of the requisition plan; defects of the currency; 

disordered state finances. 

3 Attempts at reform: Attempt to amend the plan of appor- 

tionment; Morris' administration. The taxing power 
sought; the five per cent, scheme and revenue scheme fail. 

. H. 109-12, 117-18; C. 253-5; Wa. 14-15; Fiske, Critical Period, 163-73; 
Gay's Madison, 35-43; Roosevelt's Morris, 99-108; Schouler, United 
States, I, 21-4. 

d Foreign relations. 

1 With England, unsatisfactory; loss of trade; inabilitj^ to 

secure commercial treat}', and the reasons; failure of the 
commerce amendment 1784-6. 

2 With Spain: Commercial intercourse and navigation of the 

Mississippi desired; the Florida boundar}'; Ja3''s negotia- 
• tions; western threats. 

3 State violation of treaties. 

H. 115-18; C. 251-5; Fiske, Critical Period, 134-44, 207-13; McMaster, 
United States, I, 371-80, 412-16. 

e Rivalries between the States: The Wyoming Valley dispute; 
the Green Mountain controversy. Renewal of tariff duties 
by the States about 1784 (none had been imposed during 
the war); these, at first for revenue, become protective and 
retaliatory; commercial warfare of New York with New 
Jerse}"^ and Connecticut; of Virginia and Maryland — the 
"Capes tax." 

f Disintegration of the Union at hand. 

H. 117-19; C. 255-7; Fiske, Critical Period, 142-4. 

IV. The Struggle for the Constitution. 

1 The movement for a convention. 

a Agitation for a stronger government 1781-6. See writings 
of Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, P. Webster and others. 
(Ca. 74-80.) Washington's Circular Letter, 1783 (0. S. L. 
No. 15). 

26 



b Commercial troubles lead to 

1 The Alexandria conlerence 1785 and this to 

2 The Annapolis convention 1786 (Ca. 87-8), and this in 

turn to 

2 The meeting of the Federal Convention, 1787. 

a The call made by Congress February 21, 1787. 

b Appointment of delegates by the States. Compare their in- 
structions and authority. (Ca. 88-90). 

c Character of the members; organization of the convention. 

d The difficulties before the convention: Limits of its power; 
conflicting political theories; conflicting interests of states 
and sections. Illustrate. 

H. 119-23; C. 254-9; Hn. 294-305; Wa. 13-27; Ca. 74-90; Madison's 
Journal, 32-48; Schouler. United States, I, 29-38; Lalor I, 637-8; McMas- 
ter, United States, I, 389-99, 417-453. O. S. L. No. 99. 

3 The work of the Convention. 

a Nature of the government. Opposing views; federal plan 
adopted; division of authority between the states and the 
central government; Art. I. S§ 8, 9. 10. Amdts. IX, X. 
Large financial and commercial power in the federal govern- 
ment; limitations of commercial power as to state com 
merce and importation of slaves. Supremacy of the consti- 
tution. 

b Formation of three departments; attempts to separate these; 
a system of "checks and balances." 

c Representation of the States. The Connecticut compromise, 
Art. I, § 3, tl 1; the three-fifths compromise. Art. I, § 2, H 3. 

d Details of the Constitution: Method of electing the president; 
amendment. Art. V; ratification, Art. VII. 

e Sources of the constitution: How far new? How far the re- 
sult of experience? Colonial and English analogies. 

H. 124-8; C. 260-70; Wa. 21-50; M. 224-9; Smith, United States, 121-9; 
Fiske, Critical Period, 230-305; Curtis, Constitution, II, for full discus- 
sion. Madison's Journal, for debates in the convention on vital points. 
Lalor, Cyclopedia, I, 637-640; Schoider, United States, I, 36-47; Mc- 
Master, I, 454-501. 

4 Ratification of the Constitution 1787-1790. 

a Transmission to the States by Congress, September 28, 1787. 
b Stages of ratification: (1) conventions called; (2) delegates 
chosen; (3) debates in the conventions; (4) the vote for 
adoption. 
c The rise of parties; the state of public opinion; arguments 
used for and against ratification; proposed amendments; 
the service of the "Federalist.'^ 
d Progress of ratification. 

e By whom ratified; B3' the States? By the the people of the 
States? By the people of the United States? 
H. 128-35; C. 270-5; M. 229-32; Wa. 51-62; Fiske, Critical Period, 
306-4^5; Curtis, History of the Constitution, II, 479-604; Stephens, War 
bet ween *f he States, I, 207-297; Schouler, United States, I, 53-69. 

27 



SECTION SEVEN. 



NATIONAL GROWTH UNDER THE CONSTI- 
TUTION. 

I. The Organization of the New Government. 

1 Congress. Art. I. § 1. 

a The House; constitutional provisions, Art. I, § 2; the election 
of members; meeting; organization of the House; char- 
acter as compared with the Senate; importance of the first 
Congress. 

b The Senate; constitutional provisions, Art. I, § 3-4; election; 
character; methods in early years. 

2 The Executive. Art. II, § 1. 

a First election and inauguration; methods of choosing electors; 

Time and place of meeting fixed by the old Congress. 
b Formation of departments; Washington's Cabinet. 
c Relations established between the executive departments and 

Congress. 

3 The Judiciary. 

a Constitutional provisions as to Courts and Jurisdiction, 
Art. III. 

b The judiciary Act of Sept. 24, 1789; the supreme court; three 
Circuit Courts; Attorney-General; Marshals, district attor- 
neys, etc. 

H. 141-6; C. 263-9, 279-87; M. 233-9; Tho. 14.1-9; Wa. 88-99; Schouler, 
United States, 1,74-85, 93-7; McMaster, I, 525-44. 

4 The Finances. 

A. PROVISION FOR A REVENUE, ART. I § 8. 

a The tariff act of July 4, 1789. 

1 The list of articles extensive. 

2 Duties specific and ad valorum. Examples. 

3 Success as a revenue measure. 

4 Important questions involved: sectional interests; protec- 

tion to infant industries. 

b The Tonnage Tax, July 20: The question of treaty discrimin- 
ation; revenue derived. 

c The excise law, March, 3, 1791: Purpose and results; hostil- 
ity to the tax and the reasons therefor. 

H. 146-8; C. 288-295; Wa. 84-7; McMaster, I, 544-554; Schouler, 1,86-93, 
158-9; Lalor, Cyclopedia, III, 858-9. For text of the tariff act. Annals of 
Congress, II, 2183-6; Tariff Acts 17S9-1S95, 9-11. 

28 



B. THE PUBLIC DEBT. 

a The federal debt, Art. VI. 

1 The foreign debt: Form and amount; Hamilton's plan of 

refunding adopted; effect on"the public credit. 

2 The domestic debt: Form and amount; Hamilton's plan of 

changing old debt at par for new; arguments for and 
against; Hamilton's plan adopted; effect on public credit. 
b The war debt of the states. 

1 Condition of the debt; arguments for and against assump- 

tion; was there constitutional authority for it? 

2 The "bargain" by which assumption was carried; amount 

assumed. 

H. 148-9; C. 288-91; M. 240-1; Wa. 78-81; B. & G. IV, 105-7; Schouler, 
United States, I, 130-142; McMaster, I, 566-84; Lalor, II, 190-1. 

C. THE UNITED STATES BANK. 

a Controversy over authorising it. 

1 Financial reasons for it. ' 

2 Financial objections. 

3 Constitutional obiections: Authoritj^ of Congress denied; 

opposing views; Washington's acceptance of the doc- 
trine of "implied powers." 

b Provisionsof the charter: Capital; term; branches; monopoly; 
relation of the government to the bank. 

c Success of the bank, 1791-1811. 

D. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MINT, 1792. 

5 Success of the new government. 

H. 150-3; C. 293-5; M. 241-3; Wa. 81-4; Schouler, I, 159-62; Lalor, I, 199- 
201; McMaster, I, 25-32; White, Money and Banking, 258-62; McD. 
Charters, 76-81; Lodge's iJami/ton; Morse's Je/ferson. 

II. The Struggle for Neutrality. 

A. FEDERALIST SUPREMACY, 1789-1801. 

I The rise of parties. 

a Absence of parties in the Colonial period; adoption of names 
Whig and Tory during the revolution. 

b Formation of parties in the constitutional struggle (1) over 
adoption and nature of government— Federalist and Anti- 
federalists; (2) over interpretation — Federalist and, by 1793, 
Republican. Leaders and principles. Personal politics; 
the party press. 

c Foreign relations supei-sede domestic policy in American poli- 
tics, 1793-1815. 

29 



2 The European situatioii. 

a The French revolution, 1789; France a republic 1792; repub- 
lican excesses, 1792-4; war with Austria 1792; with Eng- 
land 1793; the first coalition 1793. 

b The government of the Directory 1795-99. 

c The supremacy ot Napoleon ( 1 ) as consul 1799-180-4; (2) as 
emperor, 1804-1815. 

d The Napoleonic w^ars: War of the second coalition, 1799-1801; 
the peace of Luneville, 1801; the peace of Amiens, England 
and France, March, 1802; war renewed 1804-1814; Water- 
loo, June 18, 1815. 

e The "Congress of Vienna" and the "Holy Alliance," 1815. 

H. 155-8; C. 295-6; M. 242-; 5 Wa. 94-7; Johnston, American Politics, 5- 
27; Morse, Jefferson, 106-128,143-4; Schouler, United States, I, 53, 72, 
165-9, 202-3; McMaster; II, 308-20, 367-79 and 390 ff. 

3 Relations with England 1793-5. 

a Attitude of the countries since 1783. United States deter- 
mines upon a policy of neutrality, April, 1793. 

b Old grievances against England: Western posts; commercial 
discriminations; non-payment for slaves. 

c Grievances arising from the war, over ( 1) the right of search, 
and impressments; (2)the right of neutrals to carry the goods 
of an enemy; (3) what constitutes "contraband of war;" 
(4) the "rule of 1756;" (5) and later, what constitutes a 
blockade. War threatened; a temporary embargo, March, 
1794. 

d Jay's mission, 1794-5: The treaty power under the constitu- 
tion. Art. II, § 2. Jay's treat3': History; provisions: Sur- 
render of western posts; withdrawal of commercial discrim- 
inations; the Xllth article and its suspension; a commis- 
sion to adjust British debts. Effect on relations witli Eng- 
land; on the Federalists; on France. 

H. 160-3; C. 296-302; M. 246-50; The. 151-3; Wa. 119-23; Schouler, I, 260- 
4, 289-97, 307-17; Johnston, Politics, 33-40: Pellew's/av, Ch. XI; Lalor, 
III, 945-6. Text of the treaty in Treaties and Conventions, 379-395; 
McD. Documents, 114-30. 

4 Relations with France, 1793-1800. 

a Review of earlier relations. 

b Question of treaty obligations to France; of moral obliga- 
tion; neither recognized by United States; the proclamation 
of neutrality, April 22, 1793. 

c The Genet episode: Genet's demands; hostile measures to- 
ward England; popular enthusiasm — the "Democratic 
Clubs;" Genet overreaches himself and is recalled. 

d Hostile attitude of France over the Jay treaty, etc.; Monroe's 
mission, and recall, 1796; Pinckney rejected by Directory; 
further efifortS for harmony thru Marshall and Gerry, 1797- 
8, lead to the X. Y. Z. affair; war spirit roused in America; 
Federalism ascendant. 

30 



e War with France, 1798-9: War not declared tho actual war 
existed; military and naval preparations; questionable ex- 
pedition against Spain; Federalist dissension over leader- 
ship; Adams secures a treaty 1800 but breaks with his partj'. 

5 Relations with Spain. 

H. 358-9, 166-8, 172; C. 302-5, 310-12; Tho. 155-6; Wa. 115-19, 122, 125, 
13S-i3; Lodge's WasA/n^ton, II, 129-215, for a full treatment of foreign 
relations; Hildreth, IV, 411-39, 645-53, V, 250-9; Lalor, III, 1122-73; 
Schouler, I; 373-92, 426-35. 

6 Domestic affairs. 

a The Alien and Sedition laws: Purposes, provisions and prose- 
cutions under them. 

1 The Alien acts. 

2 The Sedition act. 

b The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions: Examination of 
their constitutional doctorines. 

H. 168-71; C ; M. 255-7; Tho. 156-7; Wa. 149-55; B. & G. IV. 127-30; 

ton, Politics, 47-50; Schouler, I, 392-404, 419-26. A. H. L. No. 15; McD. 
Documents, 137-147. 

c The election of 1800— The downfall of the Federalists. 

1 The Presidential election: Candidates; the campaign; the 

electoral vote; election by the House; mode of election 
changed.. Const. Art. II, § 2; the Xllth amendment. 

2 Congressional and Senatorial elections. 

3 Reasons for Federalist losses. 

H. 165-75; C. 312-13; Wa. 162-7; Morse's/ofin Adams, 311-23; Stanwood, 
Presidential Elections, 30-44; Johnston's Politics, 52-4; McMaster, II, 
508-27; Schouler, I, 480-4S8, 492-501. 

7 Resume of the Federalist period. 

a Successful organization of the government; financial and 
business stability; improved foreign standing but still ruled 
by foreign influence — /. e. still "colonial" in spirit. 

b Constitutional changes. 

1 Amendments to restrain federal power: The Bill of Rights, 

I-X; the Xlth amendment. 

2 Federal power greatly strengthenened by the mere exercise 

of federal powers, as of taxation; of military force: the 
Indian wars; the Whisky Rebellion; by the application of 
the doctrine of "implied powers." 

c The Judiciary .\ct. Feb. 13, 1801. 

d The excellences and defects of Federalist lule. 

B. REPUBLICAN SUPREMACY, 1801-1816. 

I The political revolution of 1801. 

a Jefferson's character; training; efficiency as a political leader; 
his political philosophy; views as to the constitution. (Vir- 
ginia Resolutions). 

b The times: The trend toward democracy; material conditions 
of the country; temporary freedom from European troubles. 

31 



2 Jefferson's domestic policy. 

a The Civil Service: Policy as announced, as followed; cf. that 
of Washington. 

b Attitude toward the judiciary: Repeal of the Judiciary Act; 
objections to repeal; commissions of the "midnight" ap- 
pointees withheld — Marbury vs. Madison. Impeachment 
of Pickering and Chase. (Const. Art. I, § 2, If 6, § 3, K 6-7.) 

H. 176-82; C. 330-6; Wa. 169-73; Johnston's Politics, 55-7; Magruder's 
John Marshall, 181-5; Schouler, II, 1-11. 

c Financial policy: Retrenchment; reduction of taxes; payment 
of the debt. How far successful? Cf. Federalist finances. 

d The army and navy: Reduction of forces; military weakness; 
but success in the Barbary wars; establishment of the mili- 
tary Academy. 

e Expansion — Purchase of Louisiana. 

1 History of the region; Spanish and French attempts to ex. 

elude Americans, 1783; navigation of the Mississippi and 
the right of deposit denied, 1786, gained, 1795; Ameri- 
can designs, 1798-9 — the "Miranda affair;" Spanish re- 
trocession to France, 1800. Napoleon's plans. 

2 Negotiations and purchase. 

3 Constitutional and political questionsinvolved. Jefferson's 

doubts; his proposed amendment; strict construction 
principles surrendered; Federalist opposition; Federalist 
threats of secession; strength of the Republicans in elec- 
tion of 1804. 

4 Importance of the purchase. 

H. 182-9; C. 336-40; Tho. 160-3; Wa. 179-84; Schouler, II, 40-51; Lalor, I, 
93-6, 609; Card catalog "Louisiana." 

3 Renewed attacks on neutral trade. 

a Commercial advantages of neutrality; prosperity, 1S03-4. 
b English admiralty decisions, 1805. 

c The "continental system" developed; English blockades; 
seizure of American vessels by both sides; impressments. 

4 American remedies. 

d Policy of non-resistance, 1805-7: The "gun boat system;" the 

Pinkney treaty: non-importation and its effectiveness. The 

outrage on the Chesapeake leads to more agressive meth" 

ods. 
e The embargo Act, Dec. 22, 1807: Its provisions; difficulty in 

enforcing it; effects on England, France, the United States. 

The polic3^ unpopular; Republican losses, 1808; repeal, Feb. 

1809. 
f Further efforts to avoid war. Non-intercourse; the Erskine 

treaty; Macon's Bill No. 2. 

H. 191-203; C. 343-352; B. & G. IV, 171-184; Wa. 190-203; Johnston, 
Politics, 68-75; Schouler II, Ch. V-VII. 

32 



5 The War oi 1812. 

a The declaration: Rise of the "new men;" growth of the war 
spirit; Madison's message of June 1 ; the declaration June 18, 
1812. 

b The causes assigned- 

c Military operations: Strength of the parties; the war on land; 
failure of the invasionof Canada; British invasion; capture of 
Washington. New Orleans. Naval warfare (1) on the lakes; 
(2) on the ocean; the navy and its work; the privateers and 
their successes. 

d Disunion sentiment in New England: Federalist hostility to 
purchase of Louisiana 1803; to its admission 1811; to war; 
distrust of the war leaders; the militia question; the Hart- 
ford Convention. The prominent part taken by New Eng- 
land in the war. 

e The Treaty of Ghent: Conditions favorable to peace; the 
American commissioners ; negotiations; terms. lyater settle- 
ment (1) as to commerce (1815, 1818); (2) as to naval force 
on the lakes 1817; (3) as to fisheries. Oregon, and the north- 
ern boundary, (1818). C. 374. 

f Results of the war: Cost in men and money; the public debt; 
derangements of currency and business; effect on exports, 
imports and the customs. Growth of national power. 

H. 203-222; C. 352-68; Tho. 171-S; Wa. 230-4-9; B. & G. IV, 185-2-i2, esp. 
225-32; Hn. 360-80; Schouler II, 371-4, 381-455; Richardson's Messages 
and Documents I, 499-505; Annals of Congress. 12 Cong. 1st sess. part 
2, 2196-2223 and 13th Cong, 3d sess. appendix 1416-1497; Schurz's Clay 
I, 67-112; Lalor, I, 624-6; McMaster, IV, 211, 246-55, 261-76; Hildreth, 
VI, 532, 545-54; Hart, Source Book 212-16. 

Ill Political, Social, and Economic, Re-organization. 

A. THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL EEELING. 

I Conditions favoring nadonal growth. 

a Emancipating effects of the war; pride in victories; disappear- 
ance of party rancors; meaning of the "era of good feeling;" 
habit of living together confirmed; a national government 
no longer "foreign;" no longer an "experiment;" begin- 
nings of a national literature. 

b The growth of population and the westward movement: Popu- 
lation by decades 1790-1840; immigration and its effect on 
national life; growth of the "West;" new states formed 
1791-1840. 

c New industrial conditions: Disturbed finances needing reform; 
new non-maritime states requiring new policies; improved 
means of transportation, (turnpikes, canals, and after, 1827, 
railroads); the rise of manufactures. 

H. 220-5; C. 368-70; Wa. 264-73; Hn. 381-430. 

33 



2 Evidences of national growth. 

a The second United States Bank chartered 1816; condition of 
finances since 1811; history of the law; provisions as to capi- 
tal, branches, relations to the government in respect to stock, 
control, deposit of funds, the "bonus" etc.; the vote; Re- 
publican support. 
b Passage of the Internal Improvement Bill. 

1 Earlier conditions and activities: Private enterprise in turn- 

pikes and canals 1790's ff. ; slow development; aid given 
private ventures by States and by Congress; Congress refuses 
aid to the Erie canal 1809-1814; State activity 1815 ff., espec- 
ially after 1825. Congress and the Cumberland Road 1803. 
20. Gallatin's report 1808 ; Jefferson's views. 

2 Conditions during and after the war. 

3 Calhoun's "bonus bill" passed; vetoed Mar. 3, 1817; (Rich- 

ardson I 584-5) ; arguments for and against, esp. as to con- 
stitutionality; the vote. 

4 Later movements: A period of quiescence 1817-1824; con- 

tinuation of the Cumberland Road; Adams favors improve- 
ments; new plans submitted 1824-G; beginning of river and 
harbor appropriations under Adams; Jackson's veto of the 
Maysville road bill (Richardson II, 482-93); appropriations 
forced on Jackson by use of "riders;" amounts voted during 
each administration. State activity 1825-1842. 

H. 226-9, 253-5; Hinsdale, History. Lalor 1,201, 16 II, 56S-70; White, 
Money and Banking 271-SO; Schurz's Clay I, 62-6, 126-38; MacMaster IV, 
309-12, 381-6, 4-10-29. 

c The Protective Tariff Act of 1816. 

1 Tariff legislation 1789-1812; increase of duties during the war; 

range of duties; revenue measured. 

2 A new policy begun : Rise of manufactures and need of pro- 

tection; growth of the West and need of a "home market;" 
history of the act of 1816; its provisions; was it sectional? 
d Important judicial decisions. 

1 Strengthening federal power: Position of the Supreme Court; 

character of the Judges; the Olmstead case; Martin vs. 
Hunter's Lessee; Cohens vs. Virginia; McCulloch rs. Mary- 
land 1819; Osborne vs. the Bank 1824. 

2 Limiting state power: Fletcher vs. Peck; the Dartmouth 

College case. 

H. 229-31; 234-6; C. 368-74; Tho. 185-7; Von Hoist, Calhoun 27-35; Mc- 
Master, 319-46, 4-97; Lalor, III, 859-60; Hildreth VI, 583-8; Magruder's 
John Marshall 184-201; Moore's Am. Congress 219-20. 

e A strong foreign policy. 
1 Favorable conventions with England: The commercial treaty 
of 1815. Settlement of the fisheries question; the Northern 
boundary and the Oregon question. 

34 



2 Relations with Spain: The quarrel over West Florida; East 

Florida threatened; treaty of cession (1819) ratified (1821); 
the western boundary line settled. 

3 Announcement of the JNIonroe Doctrine. Relations with the 

Latin American states; the Holy Alliance; the Russian ukase 
of 1821; protest against European interference — The "Mon- 
roe Doctrine;" later applications. 
3 Estimate of national growth to x\dams's Administration. 

H. 231-4, 24.1-4; C. 374-81; Tho. 189-191; A. Ill, 42-51; McMaster IV, 457- 
83; Schouler III, 84-97, 130, 175, 189; Morse's /. Q. Adams 111-21, 129- 
37; Lalor II, 898-900; Oilman's Monroe 156-74; Moore's American Con- 
gress 229-34. 



B. THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY. 

1 Conditions of the suffrage 1789-1816; more rapid growth after; rea- 

sons. Conservative habits of colonial times; influence of 
"old families" in state and federal politics; character of 
Jeffersonian democracy; federalist traditions continue thru 
Monroe and Adams. 

2 The election of 1824. 

a Absence of part}^ organization. 

b The candidates; characteristics; methods of nomination. 

c The campaign and its results. 

d The election by the House; union of Adams and Clay factions 
— soon called National Republicans. Charge of a "corrupt 
bargain;" bearing on the election of 1828; Jackson men soon 
take the name of Democrats. 

H. 245-51; W. 12-18; Tho. 192-4; Goldwin Smith, 191-2; Stanwood, 79-95; 
Morse's/. Q. Adams 164-178; Schouler 111,324-9; Sumner's/acfcson, 76-99; 
Moore Am. Congress, 240-253. 

3 Elections of 1828 and 1832. 

a New political methods: Party organization developed; new 
method of nominating candidates; popular choice of electors; 
reward of party workers; party "platforms" 1832. 

b Campaign of 1828: Estimate of Adams's rule. Jackson's char- 
acter and career: nature of his support; the vote; causes of 
his success; Jackson as a "representative of the people;" 
comparison of Jacksonian, with Jeffersonian, democracy 
(Schouler 111, 65-6). 

c The inauguration. 

d Rise of the anti-masonic party. 

e Re-election of Jackson over Clay 1832. 

W. 19-26, 62-65; Tho. 198-202, 206; C. 395-405; Hn. 439-41; Stanwood, 
96-101; Schouler III, 434-40, 449-54; Johnston's Politics 103-110, 118-19; 
Goldwin Smith, 193-6; Von Hoist II, 2-6, 11; Moore, 254-9. 

35 



4 Party use of the Civil Service — The Spoils System. 

a Earlier policies of removing and appointing civil servants; 
Washington's principles; Jefferson's; J. Q. Adam's (Schurz's 
Clay 1, 259-62). Connection with party organization; use 
of officers to maintain local organization in New York and 
Pennsylvania. Effect of Crawford's tenure of office act 1820. 

b Jackson's policy: Cabinet appointments; the clamor for office 
and reasons therefor; influence of private advisers — the 
"Kitchen Cabinet;" wholesale removals; criticism and de- 
fence of the policy. 

c The "Spoils System" becomes established. 

H. 245-7; W. 26-34; C. 413-14; Schouler III, 453-62; A. Ill, 80-4; Lalor III, 
565-9, 782-4; Schurz's Clav I, 259-62, 332-6; Sumner's Jackson 147-8; 
Morse's/. Q Adams 177-84; Shepard's Van Buren 38-4S, 117-20, 152, 177- 
83, 199; Richardson's Messages II, 448-9. 

5 The Bank Controversy. 

a History of the bank 1816-1830 ; early success; mismanagement 
1819; reform; its constitutionality established 1819. 

b Jackson's hostility 1829-32; the bank re-charter act passed 
1832; vetoed July 10; economical and constitutional theories 
of the veto; the bank in the presidential campaign; Jackson's 
re-election Nov., 1832; secures an investigation of the bank 
1833; its results; Jackson resolves on the 

c Removal of the deposits. Cabinet changes; Tawney's with- 
drawal order September 26, 1833; the question of authority; 
of policy; effect on the bank; on business; controversy with 
the Senate; censure, protest, expunging resolutions, 18.33-37. 

d Later history of the bank. 

e New depositories chosen; the pet banks; relation to the crisis 
of 18.37. The Independent Treasury scheme; proposed by 
Van Buren; enacted July 1840; repealed 1842 by the Whigs; 
restored 1846 by the Democrats and still exists. 

W. 70-84, 88-91, 93-98; Tho. 205-6, 220-3; C. 428-32; A. Ill, 84-6; Sum- 
ner's Jacisoa 259-76, 297-308; Schouler IV, 44-54, 68-71, 133-47; Lalor I, 
209; Schurz's Clay II, 23-51, 99-106,136-45; McD. Documents; Moore 
294-309; Richardson's Messag-es. Benton's Thirty Years' View, I, 232-3, 
251-4, 727; White's Money and Banking 287-313. 

6 The Crisis of 1837. 

a Material development 1816-1840: Development of "the West;" 
growth of means of transportation — turnpikes — canals, 
steam navigation, railroad building 1828-1840; State enter- 
prises in internal improvements. Land speculation: facts 
shown by government sales. Rapid and unsound growth 
laid the train for a panic. 

b Financial conditions contributing to the panic. Payment of 
the national debt; the distribution of the "surplus;" rela- 
tion of this to the tariff question; use of the "pet banks" as 
depositories; multiplication of banks of issue; inflation; 
Jackson's attempt to stay the flood. Hope of supplying 
gold and silver currency 1834-5; notes of only specie paying 
banks received by the Treasury; the "Specie Circular" July 
11, 1836, precipitates 

36 



c The crisis of 1837: Its characteristics. 

W. 86-95; Tho. 209-222; A. Ill, 91-S; M. 331-41; C. 432-5; Schouler IV, 
276-86; Schurz's Clay II, 113-27; Shepard's Van Barea, 242-77. 

7 The change of parties 1840. 

a The Democrats discredited: held responsible for the panic; 
effects of the Spoils System; the Seminole war; appearance 
of the Texas question. 

b Growth of the Whig party 1834-40: Its antecedents; its prin- 
ciples. 

c Election of 1840: Candidates; methods; results. 

d The death of Harrison. 

e The breach with Tyler over the restoration of the bank 1841; 
veto of the first and second Whig tariffs June and August 
1842. 

f The Ashburton Treaty. 

W. 98-101, 112-114, 133-41; Tho. 224-7; C. 435-40; A. Ill, 93-108; M. 345- 
51; Stanwood, 123-39; Schouler IV, 324-41, 389-96; Shepard's Van Bu- 
ren. 323-39. 

C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY. 

I, Preliminary Survey. 

a Naturalness of the early states rights sentiments; general 
failure to realize the extent of national power created by 
the Constitution: but, Patrick Henry's warning. 

b Expressions of anti-national feeling: The Bill of Rights; the 
Xlth amendment; the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions; 
New England disunion sentiment 1807-1815; Georgia's defi- 
ance of Federal authority in the Cherokee affair 1824-1829 
(H. 255-6; W.35-8.) 

c These sentiments greatly overborne by national sentiment. 
2 The Nullification Troubles. 

a The economic side — sectional divergences. 

1 Difference in industrial development between North and 

South. 

2 The public land question: views as to use of these lands; 

interests of the East in conflict with those of the South and 
West; the Foot resolution and the "great debate." 

3 The tariff: History and character of the act of 1816; of 1824 ; 

of 1828; source of support for each measure. Effect on the 
North; on the South. 
Reasons for lack of manufactures in the South; for lack of im- 
migration. The constitutional question of the tariff: The 
right to lay taxes for protection; for the general welfare; 
question of uniformity of taxation; the "export tax" theory. 
Protest of Southern legislatures against the tariff. 

H. 229-31, 247-8, 257-8; W. 39-43, 48-52; C. 403-10; A. Ill, 63-9; Schouler 
III, 295-S, 420-6; G. Smith, 185-91. 

37 



b The theoretical side: Calhoun the spokesman; his career and 
his character; attitude toward the Union ; "The South Car- 
olina Exposition" 1828; its economic and constitutional 
doctrines; influence upon the South. The "great debate" 
on the nature of the Union 1830; Haynes' view: The Union 
federal not national; having only delegated powers; the 
constitution a compact; the states parties to it ; destructive 
of federal character to allow one party to be the sole judge 
of, its powers; unauthorized acts of federal government 
voidable by the states. The argument strong historically. 
Webster's position new and practicable. Influence of 
speech of each. 

c Nullification attempted in South Carolina: Protests against 
the tariff 1828-32. Calhoun's "Exposition" 1828; removal 
of the "abominations" 1830; Calhoun's "Address" 1831; 
breach between Jackson and Calhoun | tariff act discussed 
1831-2, passed July 1832, in eifect March 3, 1833; Nullifica- 
tion convention Nov, 1832. Ordinance in effect Feb. 1, 1833; 
suspended till Mar. 2. Coercion: Jackson's Proclamation; 
military preparations; the "Force Bill' in effect March 2, 
The Nullification Ordinance rescinded. Significance of 
the controversy. 

W. 52-68; C. 415-23; A. Ill, 69-77; Tho. 205-7; M. 325-9; Schotiler III, 
■iS2-91; ib IV, 31-40, 85-109; Lalor II, 1050-5; Rhodes United States I, 
40-52: B. & G. IV, 306-9; AIcMaster V, 256-67; Preston's Documents 299- 
303; Am. Orations I, 213-282: Richardson's Messag'es II, 610-632, 640-56. 
Consult also the biographies of the chief actors. 

IV. Slaver\^ and Sectionalism. 

I Review of Slavery to 1830. 

a During the colonial period: Growth; distribution; character- 
istics. 

b During the Revolution: Attitude toward the slave-trade; anti- 
slavery sentiment; restriction of the area of slavery — the 
N. W. Ordinance; emancipation movement ; abolition socie- 
ties; state action 1777-1804; slavery in the federal conven- 
tion. 

c Under the republic to 1830: Slavery in the first Congress; the 
first fugitive law 1793. The cotton gin and its effect; aboli- 
tion of the slave-trade 1808; continuance of the trade; legis- 
tion against it 1818-19; the American Colonization Society. 
The Missouri Compromise 1819-21. Slavery and nulli- 
fication 1828-33. 

H. Index: A. Ill, 52-62, 149-62; Tho. 188-9; Schouler I, 142-50; II, 125- 
30; III, 129-73; Hinsdale History. 297-8, 303-7; Rhodes History of the 
United States I, 1-50; Birney's Birney, 74-86, 407-13; Lalor III, 725-730. 

38 



2 Conditions and Tendencies 1830-40. 

a The slave system: Number of slaves; distribution; conditions 
of life; legal status; the "Black Code;" effects of the system 
— economic, social, and political; dissimilarities between 
North and South; necessity of new territory for slavery. 

b Public opinion: New phase of the anti-slavery movement 
at the North: conditions favorable to agitation; Lundy and 
his work; Garrison and the Liberator; "incendiary litera- 
ture" in the South; anti-slavery societies; riots — the murder 
of Lovejoy. Slave insurrection of 1831 ; alarm in the South; 
suppression of the "right of petition." The churches and 
slavery. British emancipation in the West Indies; Euro- 
pean views of slavery. 

W. 104-8, 117-32; A. Ill, 168-7S; Schurz's Clay II, 69-86,152-70; Tho. 216- 
19. 223-4-; Lalor III, 730-5; Greeley's American Conflict I, 107-147; Hart's 
Source Book 242-54; Schouler IV, 203-29, 296-302; Birney's B/rnej'413-22; 
Gibbins English Social Reformers, 94-107; Rhodes I, 50-75. Rhodes I, Ch. 
IV, has the best description of slavery. See also McDuffie's Message 1835, 
A. H. L. No. 10. 

3 The extension of vSlave Territory. 

I. AMXEXVTION OF TEXAS. 

a Histor\- of the region: Relation to L,ouisiana in dispute 1803- 
1819; the boundary of 1819; settlement; the Mexican revolt; 
attempts to purchase Texas 1825-9; the Texan revolution; 
recognition of independence. 

b .\nnexation sought 1836-1845: Attitude of leading men; of 
the sections; of the parties; Tyler's treaty and its fate 1843-4. 

c The election of 1844: Candidates; party platforms; rise of the 
Liberty party; its principles; gains since 1840; effect on the 
election. The Oregon" question in the campaign; results. 

d Method of annexation. 

C. 443-7; Tho. 232-5; W. 141-8; A. Ill, 179-82; M. 347, 353-S; B. 289-326; 
Johnston's Po//£/cs, 145-8; B. & G. IV, 367-71; Schouler IV, 449-59,465- 
77, 518-23; Lalor I, 96-8; Von Hoist History U, 548-63, 657-64, 699-714; 
Stanwood 140-60; Schurz's Clay II, 86-94, 228-67; Rhodes I, 75-87; 
Shepard's Fan Bwren 345-54; Greeley's A mer/can Conflict 1, 147-174. 

II. THE MEXICAN CESSIONS. 

a The Mexican War. Causes: Earlier strained relations over 
claims unpaid by Mexico and encouragement to Texas; (B. 
298; Schouler IV, 443); the desire for California (M. 362); 
the Texan boundary. The war precipitated by Polk, April 
1846; the declaration of war and voting of supplies. The 
military operations of the war; the seizure o( California; the 
war in Me.xico; cost, losses, etc. The treaty of Gaudalupe 
Hidalgo 1848; cessions and payment therefor. Later cession, 
the Gadsden purchase, 1853. 

Tho. 237-41; C. 447-9; W. 149-52; A. 111,182-97; Gold win Smith 211-12 : 
Schouler IV, 523-38; B. 327-339; M. 361-70; Rhodes I, 87-95. 

39 



b Other incidents of Polk's administration: Settlement of the 
Oregon controversy; passage of a "revenue" tariff — the 
Walker tariff ; the Independent Treasury Act; Democratic 
losses in 1846; the Mormons occupy Utah; the discovery of 
gold in California. 

Tho. 230-2, 242-5; W. 147-8, 154-5; C. 449-55. 

c Slavery and the Mexican cession. 

1 Introduction of the problem: Geography of the territory; 

status of slavery; the Wilmot Proviso August 1846; lost at 
end of the session; renewed 1846-7; failure of adoption; theory 
of "popular sovereignty" put forth; the controversy be- 
comes sectional. 

2 The election of 1848. Democrats nominate Cass; platform 

indefinite as to slavery, but Cass favoring "popular sov- 
ereignty," (M. 372-3). Whigs equivocal, nominate Taylor. 
The Free Soil Party, positive against slavery extension, 
nominates Van Buren; elements in the party ; the campaign; 
the vote; Taylor elected. Congressional action blocked in 
session of 1848-9. 

Tho. 244-9; C. 453-9: W. 155-64; M. 368-74; B. 335-7; Stanwood 161-77; 
Greeley's American Conflict I, 185-98; Rhodes I, 90-S; Schurz's Clay II, 
301-14. 

3 The Compromise of 1850. The situation Dec. 1849 as to 

California; New Mexico and Utah; Texas boundaries; North- 
ern demands for federal action on slavery in the District of 
Columbia; on inter-state slave-trade; southern grievances 
over escaped slaves, etc; the critical character of the time. 
The compromise measures: History; debates; provisions; 
estimatesof Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Seward and Chase, and 
their views. Estimate of the vpisdom and fairness of the 
compromise. Supposed final settlement. 

Tho. 249-50; C. 459-62; Vi. 165-74; M. 375-81; B. 348-64; Rhodes I, 111- 
83; Schurz's C/av II, 325-72; Lodge's ll'edster, 297-332; Johnston's Fo//- 
tics 159-63; McD. Documents; Schouler V, 152-73, 179-87, 197-204; Gree- 
ley's Amerjca/i Con/?/ct, 198-210; Hart's Source Book, 279-81; American 
Orations II, 46-134 for speeches by Calhoun, -Webster, and Clay. 

4 Working of the compromise: Reception of the measures, 

North, South, by parties, (Rhodes I, 189-98). The Fugi- 
tive Slave Law. Failure of the law of 1793; Southern 
losses 1830-1850; provisionsof the new act; grounds of north- 
ern opposition; rescues; the "underground railway;" the 
"personal liberty laws" 1850-54; after 1854; cf. those before 
1850. Petitions for repeal; slight protection to slave owners; 
a continuing source of irritation. 
Tho. 250, 265; C. 462-4; W. 174-8; A. Ill, 210-15; M. 381-2, 400; Rhodes 

I, 185-98, 207-213, 222-6; B. 363-79; Von Hoist History III, 548-55, IV, 

61-70; Lalor Cyclopedia II, 315-17, 111,162-3; Hart's Source Book, 282-4; 

Greeley I, 210-31; Schouler V, 204-8; New England Magazine I, 524, II, 

280, 385, 569. 

40 



III. THE TERRITORIES OPENED TO SLAVERY. 

a Events from 1851 to 1854. The Election of 1852: Old parties 
declare fidelity to the compromise; Free Soilers oppose 
slavery extension; no principle at issue; apathy in the cam- 
paign; the vote. Death of Clay and Webster. Decline of 
the Whig party. Appearance of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. 

W. 178-82; Tho. 252-6; M. 384-6; C. 464; Rhodes I, 269-89. 

b I^epeal of the Missouri Compromise 1854. 

1 The parties in Congress. 

2 The Nebraska Bill. 

3 The Kansas-Nebraska Bill: Two Territories; compromise 

of 1820 repealed; history of this part of the bill; the people of 
the territory to fix the status of slavery, "subject only to 
the constitution of the United States" (^ 32). "The Appeal 
of the Independent Democrats" Jan. 1854; doubtful effect 
of the law; the vote on the bill. Public sentiment North 
and South. 

W. 182-5; Tho. 256-7; C. 465-9; M. 388-91; B. 380-406; Rhodes I. 421- 
450, 459-70, 494-8; A. Ill, 216-22; Johnston Politics 167-9; A. H. L. No. 
17; SchoulerV, 279-92; Greeley I, 224-35; Hart's Source Book 284-7; Amer- 
ican Orations II, 183-255, for speeches by Chase, Sumner and Douglas. 

c The Kansas struggle. Organized movement to Kansas; pro- 
slavery men at first successful; attitude of the administra- 
tion; civil war; success of the free-settlers 1857; struggle for 
admission 1857-61; the Sumner-Brooks incident. 

C. 469-74; W. 185-7; M. 393-6, 401-2; A. Ill, 216-28; Morse's Lincoln I, 
92-102; Greeley I, 235-51; Schouler V, 315-33, 343-8. 

d Tlie Dred Scott Decision 1857: Statement of the case; 
Scott not a citizen, hence the court without jurisdiction; 
but it denies, obiter, that Congress can legislate slavery out 
of a Territory; "Popular Sovereignty" thus denied. New 
Territory opened to slavery. Effect upon the Kansas 
struggle. 

C. 474-5; W. 197-200; M. 399; B. 449-59, Morse's Lincoln I, 102-110; 
Schouler V, 377-81, 390-8. A. Ill, 229-33; Greeley I, 251-64; Johnston's 
Politics, 179-80; American Orations III, 28-33; Lalor I, 838-41. Rhodes 
II, 252-8; McD. Documents. 

4 The Widening of the Breach. 
' a The "Gadsden purchase" 1853. 
b The intrigue for Cuba. Early desire for Cuba; new interest 
in it after 1845 ; attempts at purchase ; the "Black Warrior" 
affair 1854; the "Osteud Manifesto;" rejection of its pro- 
posals, but Buchanan's election 1856; his later attitude 
toward Cuba. (Cf his messages and Schouler V, 416-19). 
c The Lincoln-Douglas debate, 1858. 

41 



d Continuation of the Kansas struggle (W. 199). 
e The John Brown raid, 1859. 

Tho. 257-61, 268: C. 469-78; W. 188-90, 199-204.; B. 1.52, 408; A. III. 252- 
62; M. 401-9; Hart's Source Book, 291-6; O. S. L. No. 85; A. H. L. No. 2; 
Lalor III, 36; Rhodes II, 7, 16-44, 313-340, 383-416; Morse's I.inco/n I, 
111-160. American Orations III, 34-46 for Seward's "Irrepressible Con- 
flict" speech 1858. 

f The sectionalizing of political parties. 

1 The election of 1856: Know-Nothings ; growth; avoidance 

of slavery question; they and Whigs overwhelmed. The 
Democrats stand by the Kansas-Nebraska bill; recognized 
as the supporters of slave interests; the Republicans ; organ- 
ized 1854-(3 ; elements; loose constructionists; for prohibition 
of slavery in the territories. The vote. Congressional election. 

2 Election of 1858. Republican gains; effect of Dred Scott 

decision. 

3 Election of 1860. The split of the Democrats; the candi- 

dates. Bell and the Constitutional Union party. The Re- 
publican convention; platform; candidate. Campaign and 
results. 
W. 187-93, 204-8; C. 473, 493-7; M. 396, 409; A. Ill, 261-7. Johnston's 
Politics, 175-8, 189-92; Stanwood, 192-213 and 214-35; Morse's Lincoln 
I, 163-79. On the Know-Nothings see Schouler V, 304-8 and McMaster, 
Forum, 17: 524-36. On the Republicans, Schouler V, 301-4, 349-57. 

5 Secession. 

a The South's grievances; sentiment against slavery in the 
North ; denial of full property rights in slaves in the terri- 
tories; the personal liberty laws; the election of Lincoln. 
More general and remote causes ( Rhodes III, 146-150. A. 
Ill, 290-304). 

b The theory of secession: Origin, strength, weakness. 

c The process: Withdrawal of South Carolina Dec. 1860; the 
Gulf States Jan. 1861; attempts at "compromise"; the 
Peace Congress Feb'y 4, 1861; hesitation of the federal 
authorities; Lincoln's policy; the question of "coercion" ; 
Virginia, N. C, Ark. and Tennessee withdraw after Sum- 
ter; policy of neutrality attempted by Md. and Ky. For- 
mation of the "Confederate States of America" Feb'y-Mar. 
1861; constitution, personnel, activities. Resignation of 
Southern men from U. S. offices. The solidarity of the 
South. 

C. 497-504; W. 210-21; Tho. 269-79; M. 410-20; A. Ill, 305-42, Johnston's 
Politics, 1S2-1 85; Schouler, V. 409-512; Rhodes III, 114-25. 145-53, 189-217, 
227-8; Preston's Documents, 304-312. 

6 The Civil War. 

a Strength of the parties; preparation North and South; resources 
of the sections; levies of troops; leadership; popular feeling. 

b Military operations of the war, (follow Channing, Wilson, 
Thomas and Dodge's Birds-Eye View of the Civil War). 

42 



c Foreign relations. Feeling in Europe; belligerancy of the 
South recognized by England May '61; by other powers; 
importance to the South. The Trent affair. England and 
the Confederate cruisers. The French in Mexico. 

W. 213-23, 239-4.2; C. 506-15, 528, 551-2; Tho. 279-282, 285, 301-2; M. 
417-26, 429, 456-7; McMaster, School History, 410-14; American Ora- 
tions III, 213-42 for Beecher's Liverpool speech; Rhodes IV, 76-95, 337-90; 
Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress I, 580-602. 

d Domestic affairs. Suspension of habeas corpus by the Presi- 
dent Apr. 1861; authorized by Congress March, 1863; cases. 
W. Virginia made a state, 1862. Dissension in the North; 
the Draft Act; the draft riots; the election of 1864. 

e The cost of the war; Finances of the North; expenditures; 
issue of United States notes; loans; the national banks estab- 
lished; the war taxes: direct, internal revenue, tariff; state 
expenditures. The growth of the debt. The South: Greatly 
crippled by the blockade; financial measures; money cost; 
destruction of property; business disturbed. Cost in life 
on both sides. Heroism and devotion on both sides; demor- 
alizing influences of the war. 

W. 226-33, 236-52: C. 515-22, 552-4; Tho. 304-7, 327-30; Johnston's Poli- 
tics, 201-6; M. 428, 448-52, 460-3; McMaster, School History, 419-24; 
White, Money and Banking, 148-74; Lalor: Hinsdale; American Govern- 
ment, 237-39. 

7 The Abolition of Slavery. 

a Lincoln's attitude toward slavery 1860-1; emancipating orders 
of Fremont (1861 ) and Hunter (1862) reversed; slaves re- 
garded as ''contraband" 1861; encouragement to state aboli- 
tion 1862; abolished by Congress in D. C. 1862; in the terri- 
tories; slave trade treaty with England 1862. 

b The Emancipation Proclamation: History; effect on 

status of slavery; on the North; on Europe. . 
c Abolition by the States, 1862-5. 

d The Thirteenth Amendment fails in the House June 1864, 
passes Jan. 1865, in force Dec. 1865. 

C. 537-40; \Y. 226-7; Tho. 293-6; M. 440-4, 462-4; McMaster, School His- 
tory, 394-6; Moore's Lincoln II, 316-28; Schouler VI, 528-30; Lalor I, 5-6; 
Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power III, 322-30, 380-93, 434-54; Pres- 
ton's iPocumenfs, 313-15. 

8 Reconstruction. 

a The situation. Natural feeling of distrust. Southern condi- 
tions; lawless spirit engendered by the war; the position of 
the negroes; problems as to the status of the states. Lincoln's 
policy; progress before his death. 

b Johnson's policy; his amnesty proclamation; provisional gov- 
ernments organized; progress 1865; Southern states co-op- 
erate; pass stringent labor and vagrancy laws. 

43 



c The Congressional plan : The theories of Congress; of Sumner; 
of Stevens; hostility to Johnson; Southern members debarred; 
protection to negroes — the Second Freedman's Bureau Act 
and the Civil Rights Act, passed over the veto; the Four- 
teenth Amendment, proposed June, 1866; in force July, 
1868. The reconstruction report June 18, 1866; election of 
1866. Johnson's tour of the North. The Re-construc- 
tion Act of March 2, 1867 and acts supplementary to it; 
preparatory acts— the Tenure of Office Act, limitation of 
president's military power, etc.; terms of the acts. 

d Operation of the plan: Conditions in the South 1865-72; "Car- 
pet bag" rule; the Ku Klux Klan. The Force Bills 1870- 
1871. 

e The impeachment of Johnson. 

f The Fifteenth Amendment 1869-70: Purpose; acceptance 
by the seceding states. Restoration to full rights 1871. 
Amnesty act of 1872. Political reconstruction completed. 

C. 557-569; M. 4-69-85, 4S9; A. IV, 182-198. Andrews' Last Quarter 
Century I, 111-30; W. 254-72; Tho. S31-7; Johnston's Politics, 207-27; 
Lalor III, 540-56; Goldwin Smith's United States 294-301; Dunning's 
Civil War and Reconstruction, esp. 176-252; Blaine's Twenty Years ot 
Congress 11, passim; Moore's American Congress 408-437, See also the 
Atlantic Monthly for 1901 for a series of articles on Reconstruction. 

V. The New Nation. 

[References for the topics under this section will be lound by the student in 
the later chapters of the various works cited above. Andrews' Last Quar- 
ter of a Century will be especially helpful. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 
the World Almanac, and the magazines of the period will be the best 
sources of information.] 

1 The Closing of the Breach. 

a Persistence of ill-feeling North and South ; election disturbances; 
suppression of Negro vote; "■war issues "in Northern politics; 
the election of 1876; Hayes' withdrawal of the troops 1877; 
gradual disappearance of sectionalism based on slavery; ten- 
dency to agreement on a tariff policy; later industrial devel- 
opment. 

b The race question in the South; solidarity of the Whites as 
against the Negroes; recent movements for disfranchisement; 
question of representation in Congress. Advancement of 
the Negro in industry, education, etc. 

c The unstable equilibrium of parties 1876-1900. 

W. 275-290; C. 571-7; Johnston Politics 234-48; American Orations III, 
311-23 for an address on the "New South" by A. G. Haygood, 1880. 

2 Economic and Financial Movements. 

a The National debt: Amount and form 1865; refunding; reduc- 
tion. The "Greenbacks;" in war; in politics; their present 
place in our currency. 

b The national banks and their service. 

44 



c The panic of 1873. 

d The resumption of specie payments 1875-9. 

e Taxation: Repeal of internal taxes; the war tariff policy; in- 
increase of rates; reduction 1883; the protective policy con- 
tinued. Cleveland's tariff message 1887; the McKinley 
tariff 1890; the Wilson-Gorman bill of 1894; the Dingley 
tariff 1897 (Moore 484-506; Tar;^ .4cfs 1789-1897.) 

f Material development: The opening of the West; railroad 
building; the trans-continental lines; the railway net; new 
states; growth of manufactures; southern manufactures; 
growth of imports and exports; industrial combinations; the 
■'trust" issue in politics. 

g The money question: The "Greenback" movement; the Bland- 
Allison Act of 1878; the Sherman Act of 1890, the panic of 
1893 the financial issue in the election of 1896; of 1900; 
financial legislation 1900. 

3 Reform of the Civil Service: Early efforts at reform; the Pen- 

dleton Act of 1883; progress of the reform by administra- 
tions; its enemies; present outlook. Reform of the consular 
service. 

4 International Relations. 

a The purchase of Alaska 1867; question of its value; govern- 
ment; recent importance. 

b England: The settlement of the "Alabama Claims;" the 
Northwest boundary settled 1872; the Fisheries Commission 
1877; the seals controversy; the Venezuelan affair 1895-7; 
the Joint High Commission for Canada and the United 
States. The Isthmian Canal: The Clayton-Bulwer treaty; 
recent movement for a canal; the Hay-Pauncefote treaty of 
1900; its modification by the Senate; rejection by England 
1901. Recent attitude of friendliness between the two 
countries. 

c The War with Spain: Our historic attitude toward Cuba; the 
rebellion of 1868-80; the insurrection of 1895-8; American 
sentiment; the destruction of the "Maine;" declaration of war 
April, 1898; the war; the treaty of Paris. The problem of 
controlling new acquisitions: Hawaii; Porto Rico; the 
Phillippines; relations with Cuba. 

d China: The Chinese in the West; establishment of diplomatic 
relations with China; the Burlingame treaty, 1868; hostility 
to the Chinese; exclusion attempted, 1878; the treaty amend- 
ed 1878; the exclusion law of 1882; harsh execution of the 
law. European encroachments in China; the anti-foreign 
up-rising, 1900; United States troops sent to rescue our min- 
isters. International complications. The new importance 
of the United States in international affairs. 

45 



The "Outlines" are based upon Thwaites' The Colonies, Hart's The 
Formation of the Union, and Wilson's Division and Reunion. These the 
student should have constantly at hand. Perhaps the best single volume for 
the vv'hole period is Channing's Student's History of the United States. 
Other books that will be serviceable are Lodge's Short History of the Eng- 
lish Colonies, Fiske's American Revolution or at least his War of Indepen- 
dence, Fiske's The Critical Period, and Walker's TheMaking- of the Nation. 
The volumes of the"Statesman Series" are of great value on the revolutionary 
and constitutional periods. The following would be a good selection from 
the list: Hosmer's Samuel Adams, Lodge's George Washington, Sumner's 
Andrew Jackson, Schurz's Henry Clay, Hart's Sa/mon P. CAase, and Morse's 
Abraham Lincoln. Those wishing more complete histories will find Hil- 
dreth's History of the United States, (6 vols.) 1607 to 1820, Schouler's 
Histdry of the United States (6 vols.) since 1783, and Rhodes' 
History of the United States, since 1850, all excellent treatises for the periods 
covered. 



46 



^ 



1 



546 296 7 f 




